List of troglobites
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". A troglobite (or, formally, troglobiont) is an animal species, or population of a species, strictly bound to underground habitats, such as caves. These are separate from species that mainly live in above-ground habitats but are also able to live underground (eutroglophiles), and species that are only cave visitors (subtroglophiles and trogloxenes).[1] Land-dwelling troglobites may be referred to as troglofauna, while aquatic species may be called stygofauna, although for these animals the term stygobite is preferable.
Troglobites typically have evolutionary adaptations to cave life. Examples of such adaptations include slow metabolism, reduced energy consumption, better food usage efficiency, decrease or loss of eyesight (anophthalmia), and depigmentation (absence of pigment in the integument). Conversely, as opposed to lost or reduced functions, many species have evolved elongated antenna and locomotory appendages, in order to better move around and respond to environmental stimuli. These structures are also full of chemical, tactile, and humidity receptors. Troglobites commonly do not survive well outside caves and therefore cannot travel between separate cave systems. As a result, many troglobiotic species are endemic to a single cave or system of caves.[2][3][4][5]
Not all cave dwelling species are considered to be troglobites. An animal found in an underground environment may be a troglophile (a species living both in subterranean and in epigean habitats, e.g. bats and cave swallows) or a trogloxene (a species only occurring sporadically in a hypogean habitat and unable to establish a subterranean population).[1]
Flatworms
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
- Foushee Cavesnail (Amnicola cora)
- Angustopila psammion
- Tumbling Creek cavesnail (Antrobia culveri)
- Manitou cavesnail (Antrorbis breweri)
- Cecilioides
- Phantom cave snail (Cochliopa texana)
- Peck's cave snail (Glyphyalinia pecki)
- Maitai Cave snail (Hadopyrgus ngataana)
- Laoennea renouardi
- Neritilia mimotoi
- Mimic cavesnail (Phreatodrobia imitata)
- Cave physa (Physella spelunca)
- Pisulina maxima
- Tashan cave snail (Trogloiranica tashanica)
- Zospeum tholussum
Velvet worms
- White cave velvet worm (Peripatopsis alba)
- Speleoperipatus spelaeus
Arthropoda
Arachnida
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- Acontius stercoricola[7]
- Adelocosa anops – Kauaʻi cave wolf spider[8]
- Anapistula (various spp.)
- Apneumonella (various spp.)
- Agraecina cristiani – Movile cave spider
- Anopsolobus subterraneus[7]
- Aops oncodactylus – Barrow Island cave scorpion
- Apochthonius mysterius – Mystery cave pseudoscorpion
- Apochthonius typhlus – Stone County cave pseudoscorpion
- Baiami (various spp.)
- Calicina cloughensis
- Charinus spelaeus
- Chinquipellobunus madlae
- Chthonius (various spp.)
- Cicurina madla – Madla Cave meshweaver
- Cybaeus (various spp.)
- Cybaeozyga heterops
- Cycloctenus (various spp.)
- Desognanops humphreysi
- Dysderoides (various spp.)
- Gamasomorpha (various spp.)
- Herpyllus (various spp.)
- Hesperochernes occidentalis – guano pseudoscorpion
- Hexathele cavernicola
- Hickmania troglodytes[7]
- Hongkongia (various spp.)
- Lycosa howarthi[9]
- Lygromma sp.
- Hormurus polisorum – Christmas Island cave scorpion
- Maymena (various spp.)
- Mesostalita nocturna
- Mimetus strinatii[7]
- Mundochthonius cavernicolus – cavernicolous pseudoscorpion
- Neobisium maritimum
- Nukuhiva adamsoni[9]
- Olin platnicki
- Ossinissa justoi[7]
- Parobisium yosemite – Yosemite cave pseudoscorpion
- Phanetta subterranea
- Phanotea (various spp.)
- Phyxelida makapanensis[7]
- Porrhomma cavernicola – cavernicolous Porrhomma spider
- Porrhomma rosenhaueri[10]
- Sinopoda scurion – Eyeless huntsman spider
- Spelocteniza ashmolei[7]
- Spelungula cavernicola – Nelson cave spider
- Stalita taenaria
- Stiphidion (various spp.)
- Tartarus (various spp.)
- Telema (various spp.)
- Telemofila (various spp.)
- Tengella (various spp.)
- Texella reddelli
- Titanobochica magna – cave pseudoscorpion
- Toxopsiella (various spp.)
- Trichopelma
- Troglodiplura beirutpakbarai[11]
- Troglodiplura challeni[11]
- Troglodiplura harrisi[11]
- Troglodiplura lowryi[11]
- Troglodiplura samankunani[11]
- Troglokhammouanus steineri – Xe Bang Fai cave scorpion
- Trogloneta (various spp.)
- Trogloraptor marchingtoni
- Troglothele
- Usofila (various spp.)
- Vietbocap lao – Nam Lot cave scorpion
- Wanops coecus
Myriapoda
- Millipedes
- Causeyella species
- Chaetaspis aleyorum – Aleys' cave millipede
- Chersoiulus sphinx
- Desmoxytes
- Mammamia profuga
- Polydesmus subterraneus
- Sinocallipus
- Tetracion
- Tingupa pallida
- Titanophyllum spiliarum
- Trichopetalum whitei
- Zosteractis interminata
- Centipedes
Crustacea
- Crayfish
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- Others
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- Allocrangonyx hubrichti – Hubricht's long-tailed amphipod
- Alpioniscus strasseri
- Andhracoides gebaueri– Belum cave isopod
- Andhracoides shabuddin– Guthikonda cave isopod
- Androniscus dentiger – rosy woodlouse
- Bactrurus brachycaudus – short-tailed groundwater amphipod
- Bactrurus hubrichti – sword-tail cave amphipod
- Bactrurus pseudomucronatus – false sword-tailed cave amphipod
- Barburia yanezi
- Caecidotea antricola – cave isopod
- Caecidotea dimorpha – Missouri cave isopod
- Caecidotea fustis – Fustis cave isopod
- Caecidotea salemensis – Salem cave isopod
- Caecidotea serrata – serrated cave isopod
- Caecidotea stiladactyla – slender-fingered cave isopod
- Caecidotea stygia – stygian cave isopod
- Cancrocaeca
- Cerberusa
- Chaceus caecus
- Cyclops vernalis
- Diacyclops yeatmani – Yeatman's groundwater copepod
- Diyutamon cereum
- Gammarus acherondytes – Illinois cave amphipod
- Holoped amazonicum
- Lirceus usdagalun – Lee County cave isopod
- Macromaxillocaris[19]
- Munidopsis polymorpha – Blind albino cave crab
- Niphargus species
- Orcovita hickski
- Orcovita orchardorum
- Palaemonias alabamae – Alabama cave shrimp[20]
- Palaemonias ganteri – Kentucky cave shrimp
- Phasmon typhlops
- Samarplax principe
- Spelaeorchestia koloana[8]
- Speocirolana
- Stygiocaris
- Stygobromus barri – Barr's cave amphipod
- Stygobromus clantoni – Clanton's cave amphipod
- Stygobromus heteropodus – Pickle Springs amphipod
- Stygobromus onondagaensis – Onondaga cave amphipod
- Stygobromus ozarkensis – Ozark cave amphipod
- Stygobromus parvus – minute cave amphipod
- Stygobromus subtilis – subtle cave amphipod
- Teretamon spelaeum
- Troglocaris
- Typhlatya
- Typhlocaris[21]
- Typhlocirolana
- Typhlopseudothelphusa
- Villalobosius lopezformenti
- Yucatalana
Insecta
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Fish
Amphibians
Mammals
No known mammals live exclusively in caves. Most bats sleep in caves during the day and hunt at night, but they are considered troglophiles or trogloxenes. However some fossorials which spend their whole lives underground might be considered subterranean fauna, although they are not true troglofauna as they do not live in caves.
Echinodermata
- Asterinides sp.
- Copidaster cavernicola – Cozumel's cave sea star
- Ophionereis commutabilis
Porifera
Annelida
See also
In popular culture
There is a zombie named the Troglobite in Plants vs. Zombies 2.
References
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- ↑ Subterranean Fauna of the Lukina Jama–Trojama Cave System in Croatia: The Deepest Cave in the Dinaric Karst
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