Trithuria

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Trithuria is a genus of small ephemeral aquatic herb that represent the only members of the family Hydatellaceae found in India, Australia, and New Zealand.[1][2] Almost all described species of Trithuria are found in Australia, with the exception of T. inconspicua and T. konkanensis, from New Zealand and India respectively.[3][4] Until DNA sequence data and a reinterpretation of morphology proved otherwise, these plants were believed to be monocots related to the grasses (Poaceae). They are unique in being the only plants besides two members of Triuridaceae (Lacandonia schizmatica and L. braziliana) in which the stamens are centred and surrounded by the pistils; in Hydatellaceae the resulting 'flowers' may instead represent condensed inflorescences or non-flowers.[5]

These diminutive, superficially moss-like, aquatic plants are the closest living relatives of a clade comprising two closely related water-lily families Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae.[6] Together, these three families compose the order Nymphaeales in the APG III system of flowering plant classification. Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) diverged from the rest of Nymphaeales soon after Nymphaeales diverged from its sister taxon, although the crown clade evolved relatively recently, in the early Miocene (~19 Ma;[7]). The order as a whole is the sister group of all flowering plants except Amborellales.

Trithuria exhibits a remarkable similarity to Centrolepis and species of both genera were mistaken for members of the other genus.[8]

The genus consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges (order Poales), but has been reassigned to the order Nymphaeales as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing that it represents one of the earliest groups to split off in flowering-plant phylogeny, rather than having a close relationship to monocots, which it bears a superficial resemblance to due to convergent evolution.[9]

Description

File:Trithuria submersa in fruit.jpg
Flowering Trithuria submersa
File:Trithuria inconspicua iNat2.jpg
Trithuria inconspicua
File:Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (1904) (20402793025).jpg
Botanical illustration of Trithuria australis

Plants are submerged and emergent aquatic plants, rooted in the substrate below the water. They are tiny plants, just a few cm tall. Most species are ephemeral aquatics that flower in vernal pools when the water draws down, but several species are submerged perennials found in shallow lakes. The simple leaves are concentrated basally around a short stem. Individual species are cosexual (with several types of hermaphroditic conditions) or dioecious, and are either wind-pollinated (anemophilous) or self-pollinating (autogamous). Two predominantly apomictic species are also known.[10] Flower-like reproductive units are composed of small collections of minute stamen- and/or pistil-like structures that may each represent very reduced individual flower, so that the reproductive units may be pseudanthia. The non-fleshy fruits are follicles or achenes.[11]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria inconspicua subsp. inconspicua is 2n = c. 24. The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria submersa is 2n = 56.[12] The diploid chromosome count of the tetraploid species Trithuria konkanensis 2n = 40.[13] The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria australis is 2n = 14.[14]

Taxonomy

The genus Trithuria Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1858[3][15] with the type species Trithuria submersa Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[3] It has two synonyms: In 1888 the genus Juncella F.Muell. ex Hieron.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was described[3] without a type designation[16] by Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus based on previous work by Ferdinand von Mueller.[3] Mueller had invalidly published the nomen invalidum and nomen nudum Juncella tasmanica F.Muell.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in 1854.[17][18] Juncella is a nomen illegitimum.[3] In 1904 the genus Hydatella DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". was described by Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels[19] without a type designation,[20] but the lectotype Hydatella australis Diels.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". has been designated in 2008.[3] The genus Hydatella was synonymised with Trithuria in 2008.[3]

Trithuria was initially placed in the family Centrolepidaceae Endl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] (now synonymous with Restionaceae R.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".),[22] which is placed in the order Poales SmallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23] but it was separated as its own family Hydatellaceae U.HamannScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". by Ulrich Hamann in 1976[24][19][25] with Hydatella DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". as the type genus. Upon its separation, Hamann stated the new families affinity or placement were still obscure.[19] The correct placement of the family became apparent in 2007, when it was identified as a basal angiosperm lineage.[21] The family Hydatellaceae is now placed in the order Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..[26] Alternatively, it is placed in a separate order Hydatellales Cronquist ex Reveal & DoweldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". validly published by James Lauritz Reveal and Alexander Borissowitsch Doweld in 1999 based on previous work by Arthur Cronquist (see the Cronquist system).[27][28] This is however not widely accepted, as the order Hydatellales is mostly treated as a synonym of Nymphaeales.[26][29][30][31]

Species and distribution

Trithuria has at least 13 species, although species diversity in the family has probably been substantially underestimated.[32]

Template:Cladogram

  1. Trithuria austinensis D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall Western Australia
  2. Trithuria australis (Diels) D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
  3. Trithuria bibracteata Stapf ex D.A.Cooke - Western Australia
  4. Trithuria cookeana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory of Australia
  5. Trithuria cowieana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory
  6. Trithuria filamentosa Rodway - Tasmania
  7. Trithuria fitzgeraldii D.D.Sokoloff, I.Marques, T.D.Macfarl., Rudall & S.W.Graham - Western Australia
  8. Trithuria inconspicua Cheeseman - North Island of New Zealand
    Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla K.A.Ford - endemic to South Island, New Zealand
  9. Trithuria konkanensis S.R.Yadav & Janarth. - Maharashtra
  10. Trithuria lanterna D.A.Cooke - Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland
  11. Trithuria occidentalis Benth. - Western Australia
  12. Trithuria polybracteata D.A.Cooke ex D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
  13. Trithuria submersa Hook.f. - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania

Etymology

The generic name Trithuria is derived from the Greek words τρεις treis meaning "three", and θυρις thyris meaning "window". It references the dehiscence of the capsule fruit.[33][34]

Conservation

The IUCN conservation status of Trithuria lanterna is Least Concern (LC).[35] Trithuria inconspicua is critically endangered.[36]

References

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  1. ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Margarita V. Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, and Paula J. Rudall. 2008. "Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa". Taxon 57(1):179-200.
  4. ↑ Yadav SR, Janarthanam MK. 1995 Trithuria konkanensis (Hydatellaceae), eine neue Art aus Indien. Aqua Planta 20. (3): 91-97 (1995).
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Linder, H. P., & Rudall, P. J. (2009). "Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: the most remarkable range of variation in Poales." American Journal of Botany, 96(11), 1925-1940.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Trithuria. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Trithuria.html
  12. ↑ Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., Macfarlane, T. D., Yadav, S. R., Prychid, C. J., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). "Comparative pollen morphology in the early‐divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae reveals variation at the infraspecific level." Grana, 47(2), 81-100.
  13. ↑ Sokoloff, D. D., Marques, I., Macfarlane, T. D., Remizowa, M. V., Lam, V. K. Y., Pellicer, J., … Graham, S. W. (2019). Cryptic species in an ancient flowering-plant lineage (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales) revealed by molecular and micromorphological data. TAXON, 68(1), 1–19. doi:10.1002/tax.12026
  14. ↑ Template:Cite POWO
  15. ↑ Juncella F.Muell. ex Hieron. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/instance/apni/520743
  16. ↑ Juncella tasmanica | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/n/129787-3
  17. ↑ Juncella tasmanica F.Muell. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 18, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/96340/api/apni-format
  18. ↑ a b c Hamann, U. (1976). Hydatellaceae—a new family of Monocotyledoneae. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 14(2), 193-196.
  19. ↑ Hydatella Diels. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/86441/api/apni-format
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Template:Cite POWO
  22. ↑ Linder, H. P., & Rudall, P. J. (2005). Evolutionary history of Poales. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 36(1), 107-124.
  23. ↑ Hamann, Ulrich | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/a/5-1
  24. ↑ Template:Cite POWO
  25. ↑ a b WFO (2024): Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000354. Accessed on: 17 Nov 2024
  26. ↑ Doweld A.B. 2022. New names of fossil Nymphaeaceae and allied forms. Geophytology 52(1&2): 1–28.
  27. ↑ Reveal, J. L., & Doweld, A. B. (1999). Validation of Some Suprageneric Names in Magnoliophyta. Novon, 9(4), 549–553. https://doi.org/10.2307/3392163
  28. ↑ Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.-b). Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl. Flora of New Zealand Online. Retrieved November 17, 2024, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Nymphaeales.html
  29. ↑ Reveal, J. L. (2012). An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants. Phytoneuron, 37(1), 1-221.
  30. ↑ Reveal, J. L., & Chase, M. W. (2011). APG III: Bibliographical information and synonymy of Magnoliidae. Phytotaxa, 19, 71-134.
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Fitch, W. H., & Reeve Brothers. (1844). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross (Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 78-79). Reeve Brothers. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28467263
  33. ↑ Department for Environment and Water. (n.d.). Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae) | Seeds of South Australia - Species information. Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation.html?rid=4619
  34. ↑ Brummitt, N. 2013. Trithuria lanterna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392948A44408157. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T44392948A44408157.en. Accessed on 13 December 2024.
  35. ↑ Critically endangered Northland lake plant voted NZ’s favourite plant 2024. (2024, November 5). Northland Regional Council. Retrieved December 13, 2024, from https://www.nrc.govt.nz/news/2024/november/critically-endangered-northland-lake-plant-voted-nz-s-favourite-plant-2024/

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External links

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