Trioceros

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox Trioceros is a genus of lizards in the family Chamaeleonidae, the chameleons, native to lowlands and highlands in the African mainland, ranging from Ethiopia south to Mozambique and west as far as Ghana. Trioceros was considered a subgenus of the genus Chamaeleo until 2009, when it was elevated to full genus level.[1]

Trioceros vary greatly in appearance and size. Many species in the genus have various ornaments, such as one to four horns on the head, crests on the nape or throat, or spines or sail-like structures on the top of the back or tail. They are primarily found in adult males, but generally reduced or even absent in females, and there are also many species in the genus where both sexes lack conspicuous ornaments. Although horn-like structures are found in certain other chameleon genera, Trioceros is the only where it can be cylindrical, annulated and bony.[1]

Trioceros contains species that lay eggs (similar to most other chameleon genera) and species that give birth to live young (similar to only Bradypodion). It is likely that giving birth to live young is an adaption to temperature, as it in Trioceros generally is found in species from highlands. The relatively cold highland climate slows the development of eggs laid in the ground; when instead retained inside the body until birth, a female can actively sun bask to increase the temperature.[2]

Species

The following species are recognized as being valid.[3]

Image Name Common Name Subspecies Distribution
File:Trioceros affinis (10.3897-zse.97.57297) Figure 1.jpg Trioceros affinis
(Rüppell, 1845)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 beardless Ethiopian montane chameleon, Rüppell's desert chameleon Ethiopia.
File:Bale mountains two-horned chameleon (Trioceros balebicornutus).jpg Trioceros balebicornutus
(Tilbury, 1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Bale two-horned chameleon Ethiopia.
File:Trioceros bitaeniatus mtkenya side.jpg Trioceros bitaeniatus
(Fischer, 1884)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 side-striped chameleon, two-lined chameleon Ethiopia, southern Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
File:Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros camerunensis.jpg Trioceros camerunensis
(L. Müller, 1909)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Cameroon dwarf chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros chapini
(de Witte, 1964)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Chapin's chameleon,[4] grey chameleon Gabon and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros conirostratus
(Tilbury, 1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 South Sudanese unicorn chameleon South Sudan and Uganda.
File:Crested Chameleon (Trioceros cristatus) (7651130584).jpg Trioceros cristatus
(Stutchbury, 1837)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 crested chameleon, fringed chameleon Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, and Togo.
File:Usambara-Dreihornchamäleon Chamaeleo deremensis.jpg Trioceros deremensis
(Matschie, 1892)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Usambara giant three-horned chameleon, wavy chameleon East Usambara, Uluguru, Nguu and Nguru Mountains, and Udzungwa Mountains.
File:Ellioti.jpg Trioceros ellioti
(Günther, 1895)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Elliot's chameleon,[5] montane side-striped chameleon, Elliot's groove-throated chameleon Burundi, Kenya, South Sudan, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
File:Trioceros feae.jpg Trioceros feae
(Boulenger, 1906)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Bioko hornless chameleon, Bioko montane chameleon, Fea's chameleon Bioko.
Trioceros fuelleborni
(Tornier, 1900)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 (named after Friedrich Fülleborn),[6] flapjack chameleon, Ngosi Volcano chameleon, Poroto three-horned chameleon, mountain three-horned chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros goetzei
(Tornier, 1899)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Goetze's chameleon,[7] Ilolo chameleon, Goetze's whistling chameleon
  • Trioceros goetzei goetzei (Tornier, 1899)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Goetze's whistling chameleon
  • Trioceros goetzei nyikae (Loveridge, 1953)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Nyika whistling chameleon
 Tanzania and Malawi.
Trioceros hanangensis
Krause & Template:Interlanguage link, 2010Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Mount Hanang montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Hanang chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros harennae
(Largen, 1995)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Harenna hornless chameleon
  • Trioceros harennae harennae (Largen, 1995)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Harenna hornless chameleon
  • Trioceros harennae fitchi (Nečas, 2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Fitch's Harenna hornless chameleon[8]
 Ethiopia
File:Lizard kenya.jpg Trioceros hoehnelii
(Steindachner, 1891)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 helmeted chameleon, high-casqued chameleon, von Höhnel's chameleon[9] Kenya and Uganda
Trioceros incornutus
(Loveridge, 1932)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Ukinga hornless chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros ituriensis
(K.P. Schmidt, 1919)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Ituri forest chameleon Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya.
File:Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880).jpg Trioceros jacksonii
(Boulenger, 1896)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Jackson's chameleon[10]
  • Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii (Boulenger, 1896)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Jackson's three-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus (Rand, 1958)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – dwarf Jackson's chameleon
  • Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus (Eason, Ferguson & Hebrard, 1988)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mount Kenya three-horned chameleon, yellow-crested Jackson's chameleon
 south-central Kenya and northern Tanzania.
File:Ruwenzori three-horned chameleon - close up.JPG Trioceros johnstoni
(Boulenger, 1901)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Johnston's chameleon,[11] Johnston's three-horned chameleon, Ruwenzori three-horned chameleon Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda
Trioceros kinangopensis
Stipala et al., 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Aberdare Mountains dwarf chameleon Kenya.
Trioceros kinetensis
(K.P. Schmidt, 1943)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Mount Kineti montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Kineti chameleon South Sudan.
Trioceros laterispinis
(Loveridge, 1932)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 spiny-flanked chameleon Tanzania.
Trioceros marsabitensis
(Tilbury, 1991)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Marsabit one-horned chameleon, Mt. Marsabit chameleon, Tilbury's chameleon Kenya.
File:Mellers.chameleon.bristol.zoo.arp.jpg Trioceros melleri
(Gray, 1865)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 giant one-horned chameleon, Meller's chameleon,[12] Meller's giant one-horned chameleon Malawi, northern Mozambique, and Tanzania
File:Chamaeleo montium.jpg Trioceros montium
(Buchholz, 1874)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Cameroon sailfin chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros narraioca
(Nečas, Modrý & Šlapeta, 2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Mount Kulal chameleon or Mount Kulal stump-nosed chameleon Kenya
Trioceros ntunte
(Nečas, Modry & Slapeta, 2005)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Mount Nyiru chameleon, Nyiru montane dwarf chameleon Kenya
Trioceros nyirit
Stipala et al., 2011Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Mount Mtelo stump-nosed chameleon, Pokot chameleon Kenya
File:Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros oweni (male).jpg Trioceros oweni
(Gray, 1831)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Owen's chameleon[13] Nigeria in the north, to Angola in the south, and Burundi in the east
Trioceros perreti
(Klaver & Böhme, 1992)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Perret's chameleon,[14] Perret's montane chameleon Cameroon.
File:Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros pfefferi (male).jpg Trioceros pfefferi
(Tornier, 1900)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Pfeffer's two-horned chameleon,[15] Pfeffer's chameleon, Bakossi two-horned chameleon Cameroon.
File:Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros quadricornis.jpg Trioceros quadricornis
(Tornier, 1899)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 four-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis quadricornis (Tornier, 1899)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southern four-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis eisentrauti (Mertens, 1968)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Rumpi Hills chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis gracilior
    (Böhme & Klaver, 1981)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – northern four-horned chameleon
 western Cameroon and southeastern Nigeria.
File:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg Trioceros rudis
(Boulenger, 1906)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 coarse chameleon, rough chameleon, Ruwenzori side-striped chameleon, Rwenzori bearded montane dwarf chameleon western Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo
Trioceros schoutedeni
(Laurent, 1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Schouteden's montane dwarf chameleon[16] Rwanda and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros schubotzi
(Sternfeld, 1912)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Mount Kenya montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Kenya side-striped chameleon, Schubotz's chameleon[17] Kenya
Trioceros serratus
(Mertens, 1922)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Cameroon
Trioceros sternfeldi
(Rand, 1963)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 (named after Richard Sternfeld),[18] Crater Highlands side-striped chameleon, Tanzanian montane dwarf chameleon Tanzania
File:Tubercle-nosed Chameleon.JPG Trioceros tempeli
(Tornier, 1899)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Tanzania mountain chameleon, Tempel's chameleon,[19] Udzungwa double-bearded chameleon Tanzania
File:Trioceros werneri.jpg Trioceros werneri
(Tornier, 1899)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Werner's chameleon,[20] Wemer's chameleon, Wemer's three-horned chameleon Tanzania
File:Chamaeleo wiedersheimi04.jpg Trioceros wiedersheimi
(Nieden, 1910)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Mount Lefo chameleon, Wiedersheim's chameleon[21] Cameroon and Nigeria
File:Trioceros wolfgangboehmei (10.3897-zse.97.57297) Figure 7.jpg Trioceros wolfgangboehmei
Koppetsch, Nečas & Wipfler, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Ethiopia.

Nota bene: In the above list, a binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Trioceros.

Footnotes

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  1. ↑ a b <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Tilbury, C.R., & Tolley, K.A. (2009). "A re-appraisal of the systematics of the African genus Chamaeleo (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae)". Zootaxa 2079: 57–68.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Trioceros at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
  4. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 51.
  5. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 82.
  6. ↑ Beolens et al., p.95.
  7. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 103.
  8. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 90.
  9. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 124.
  10. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 132.
  11. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 135.
  12. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 175.
  13. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 198.
  14. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 203.
  15. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 205,
  16. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 237.
  17. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 238.
  18. ↑ Beolens et al., 253.
  19. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 263.
  20. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 282.
  21. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 285.

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References

  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Boelens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. Template:ISBN.
  • <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Swainson, W. (1839). The Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles, or Monocardian Animals. Vol. II. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans; John Taylor. (A. Spottiswoode, printer). 452 pp. (Trioceros, new genus, p. 369).


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