Treaty of friendship

A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles, as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.

History

Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.

Terminology

In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called "friendship treaties" the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.

List of friendship treaties

List of Friendship Treaties

Signatories	Treaty	Date Signed
Mosquito Nation Template:Country data Kingdom of Great Britain	Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	16 March 1740
Template:Country data Kingdom of France United States	Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)	6 February 1778
Morocco United States	Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship	28 June 1786
Ottoman Empire United States	Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary)	4 November 1796
Johor United Kingdom	Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	6 February 1819
Johor United Kingdom	Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore)	2 August 1824
Argentina United Kingdom	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom	1825
Template:Country data Kingdom of Hawaii United States	Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation	1849
Brunei United States	Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation	23 June 1850
Japan United Kingdom	Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty	14 October 1854
Korea United States	United States–Korea Treaty of 1882	1882
Brazil Japan	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan	1895
Tonga United Kingdom	Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom.	1900
Bolivia Chile	Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)	20 October 1904
Mongolia Tibet	Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet	11 January 1913
Template:Country data Qajar Iran Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship	26 February 1921
Turkey Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	Treaty of Moscow (1921)Template:NoteTag	16 March 1921
Germany United States	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America	8 December 1923
Template:Country data Kingdom of Italy Template:Country data Ethiopian Empire	Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration)	2 August 1928
Portugal Template:Country data Francoist Spain	Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression	17 March 1939
Nazi Germany Soviet Union	German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation	23 August 1939
Nazi Germany Turkey	German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship	18 June 1941
Ecuador Peru	Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace	29 January 1942
Template:Country data Republic of China (1912–1949) Soviet Union	Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	14 August 1945
Template:Country data Republic of China (1912–1949) United States	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China	4 November 1946
Finland Soviet Union	Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948	8 April 1948
India Bhutan	1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship	9 August 1949
India Nepal	1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship	31 July 1950
Greece Turkey Yugoslavia	Balkan Pact (1953)	28 February 1953
Netherlands United States	DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty)	27 March 1956
Indonesia Malaya	Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia	17 April 1959
North Korea Soviet Union	The DPRK-Soviet Union Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance	6 July 1961
China North Korea	Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty	11 July 1961
New Zealand Samoa	Treaty of Friendship	1 August 1962
France West Germany	Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship	22 January 1963
India Soviet Union	Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation	August 1971
Bangladesh India	Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace	19 March 1972
Australia Japan	Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation	16 June 1976
Portugal Spain	Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal	2 November 1977
China Japan	Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China	12 August 1978
Template:Country data Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Soviet Union	Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship	12 December 1978
Template:Country data People's Republic of Kampuchea Vietnam	Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation	1979
Kiribati United States	Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati	20 September 1979
Equatorial Guinea Spain	Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980	23 October 1980
Argentina Chile	Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina	29 November 1984
Finland Russia	Neighborhood agreement (Template:Ill) on Friendship, Basics of relationships, Territorial integrity and Cooperation	20 January 1992
Kazakhstan Russia	Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance	25 May 1992
Tajikistan Russia	Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance	25 May 1993
Russia Ukraine	Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty	31 May 1997
North Korea Russia	Template:Ill	9 February 2000
China Russia	2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship	16 July 2001
Italy Libya	2008 Treaty of Benghazi	30 August 2008

See also

• Treaty
• Commercial treaty
• List of treaties