Trapelia

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Trapelia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trapeliaceae.[1][2] These lichens form tight, crusty patches on rocks and bark that may appear smooth at first but often crack into small plates over time. The genus was established by the French lichenologist Maurice Choisy in 1929 and contains more than 20 species found worldwide. Most species reproduce through small, Template:Lichengloss-shaped fruiting bodies that range from pale pink-brown to nearly black, and many can be identified by specific chemical compounds they produce.

Taxonomy

Trapelia was circumscribed by the French lichenologist Maurice Choisy in 1929. He assigned Trapelia coarctata as the type species.[3]

Description

Trapelia forms a low-profile crust that adheres tightly to its substrate. Colonies may begin as a thin, continuous film with a smooth outer edge; over time this film either cracks into a mosaic of tiny plates (Template:Lichengloss) or arises directly as discrete areoles that later press together to form an almost seamless crust. The uppermost layer of fungal tissue (Template:Lichengloss) is only weakly differentiated and comprises rounded cells, while a delicate Template:Lichengloss film of dead cell remnants often leaves a fine frost-like sheen (Template:Lichengloss). A narrow, sometimes inconspicuous Template:Lichengloss—an initial growth of colourless hyphae—may fringe the colony. The internal algal partner is a minute, spherical green alga (Template:Lichengloss photobiont).[4]

Reproductive structures appear as rounded apothecia that sit flush with, or slightly raised above, the thallus surface. When young they are partly embedded; mature apothecia may display a thin, brown, often ragged margin formed from disrupted thallus tissue, giving the impression of a "pseudothalline" rim. The Template:Lichengloss ranges from pale pink-brown to almost black and is frequently uneven or roughened. Internally, the Template:Lichengloss is brown and may dissolve to an orange-brown solution in potassium hydroxide solution (a common diagnostic test), whereas the underlying Template:Lichengloss is pale to light brown. Slender paraphyses thread the hymenium; these filaments branch and fuse profusely near their tips, but their ends remain narrow rather than swollen.[4]

Each ascus is slightly club-shaped, stains weakly blue in iodine and carries eight single-celled, colourless ascospores that are ellipsoidal and 9–25 micrometres (μm) long. In many species tiny, immersed pycnidia generate asexual conidia—straight or slightly curved rods—that help the lichen spread. Chemical analyses detect one or more of three common secondary metabolites—gyrophoric acid, lecanoric acid and 5-O-methylhiascic acid—which can assist with species-level identification.[4]

Species

As of June 2025Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 18 species of Trapeila.[2]

  • Trapelia antarctica Ertz, Aptroot, G.Thor & Øvstedal (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
  • Trapelia atrocarpa Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
  • Trapelia calvariana Kantvilas & Lumbsch (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • Trapelia coarctata (Turner) M.Choisy (1932)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Trapelia collaris Orange (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]
  • Trapelia concentrica Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2019)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
  • Trapelia coreana S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2016)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
  • Trapelia corticola Coppins & P.James (1984)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
  • Trapelia crystallifera Kantvilas & Elix (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12]
  • Trapelia elacista (Ach.) Orange (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]
  • Trapelia glebulosa (Sm.) J.R.Laundon (2005)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13]
  • Trapelia herteliana Fryday (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
  • Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel (1973)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Trapelia lilacea Kantvilas & Elix (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12]
  • Trapelia macrospora Fryday (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
  • Trapelia obtegens (Th.Fr.) Hertel (1970)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15]
  • Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P.James (1984)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
  • Trapelia rubra Aptroot & Schumm (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
  • Trapelia sitiens Orange (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]
  • Trapelia stipitata Brodo & Lendemer (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17]
  • Trapelia thieleana Kantvilas, Lumbsch & Elix (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • Trapelia tristis Orange (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]

References

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