Tourettism
Template:Short description Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette syndrome, as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes".
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders,[1] other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics.[2][3]
Conditions that may manifest tics or stereotyped movements include developmental disorders; autism spectrum disorders[4] and stereotypic movement disorder;[1][5] Sydenham's chorea; idiopathic dystonia; and genetic conditions such as Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Wilson's disease, and tuberous sclerosis. Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, and carbon monoxide poisoning.[2][6] The symptoms of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome may also be confused with Tourette syndrome.[7]
Tic mimickers
Genetic/chromosomal
- Chromosomal abnormalities[6]
- Citrullinemia[1]
- Down syndrome[6]
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy[6]
- Fragile X syndrome[6]
- Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration[6]
- Huntington's disease[6]
- Klinefelter syndrome[6]
- Lesch–Nyhan syndrome[2]
- Neuroacanthocytosis[6]
- Neurodegeneration[1]
- Phenylketonuria[1]
- Schizophrenia[6]
- Tuberous sclerosis[6]
- Wilson's disease[6]
- XYY syndrome[6]
Infectious or post-infectious
Developmental
- Pervasive developmental disorders
- Intellectual disability[6]
- Static encephalopathy[2]
- Stereotypic movement disorder[2][5]
Toxins/insults/acquired
- Carbon monoxide poisoning[6]
- Cerebral palsy[3]
- Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease[6]
- Fetal alcohol syndrome[1]
- Head trauma[6]
- Hypoglycemia[6]
- Intrauterine exposure to illicit drugs
- Intrauterine infections
- Mercury[2]
- Neurocutaneous syndromes[3]
- Neurosyphilis[6]
- Perinatal asphyxia
- Psychogenic disease[1][2]
- Stroke[6]
- Wasp venom[2]
Drugs
- Cocaine[6]
- Levodopa (Dopar, Larodopa)[6]
- Antiepileptics[6] Carbamazepine (Atretol, Epitol, Tegretol)[3]
- Lamotrigine (Lamictal)[3]
- Amphetamines[6]
- Pemoline[6]
- Phenytoin (Dilantin)[2]
- Phenobarbital[2]
- Antipsychotics (e.g.; haloperidol)[6][8][9]
Notes
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e Evidente, GH. "Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders." PostGraduate Medicine Online. October 2000 108:5. Available at archive.org
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Full text
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ eMedicine article on Tardive dyskinesia Full article
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
- Black, Kevin J. Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders. eMedicine.com March 22, 2006.
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".