Toto language

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Contains special characters Toto (Bengali: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Toto: Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken on the border of India and Bhutan, by the tribal Toto people in Totopara, West Bengal along the border with Bhutan. It is also spoken in Subhapara, Dhunchipara, and Panchayatpara hillocks on India-Bhutan border in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal (Ethnologue).

Status

Toto is listed as a critically endangered language by UNESCO, with perhaps 1,000 speakers.[1] However, most families in the community speak Toto at home. Most children learn Toto at home, although they use Bengali in school.

Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) set out to conduct a study on language of the Toto tribe, whose population has dwindled to 1,536, they did not realize that the language is more endangered than the tribe itself. Researchers as well the members of the Toto community admit that the language is under threat and the influence of other languages, particularly Nepali and Bengali, is increasing day by day.[2]

The Himalayan Languages Project is working on the first grammatical sketch of Toto.

Phonology

Toto consists of 25 segmental phonemes, of which 19 are consonants and six are vowels. The phonemes of this language are as follows:

Vowels

There are six vowel phonemes in the Toto language: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. They can be classified:

  • horizontally into three groups as front unrounded, central unrounded and back rounded vowels;
  • vertically into four groups as close, close-mid, open-mid and open.

There are eight diphthongs realized in Toto, these are:

  • /eu/ — occurring in initial and medial positions,
  • /au/, /ou/ — occurring only in the medial position,
  • /ei/, /əi/, /ai/, /oi/ — occurring in medial and final positions, and
  • /ui/ — occurring in all positions.[3]

The following minimal pairs establish the phonetics status of the vowel:

/i/~/e/
/iŋ/ 'brother in-law', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger'
/ciwa/ 'tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (cloth)
/i/~/a/
/guJi/ 'owl', vs. /guJa/ 'pocket'
/nico/ 'fire', vs. /naco/ 'two'
/i/~/u/
/Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'bird'
/ei/~/əi/
/e/~/a/
/lepa/ 'brain', vs. /lapa/ 'jungle betel leaf'
/kewa/ 'birth', vs. /kawa/ 'sound'
/e/~/o/
/je/ 'grass', vs. /jo/ 'breast'

Consonants

With regards to consonants, Toto has an inventory of seven sonorants (nasals and liquids) and twelve obstruents (stops and fricative), eight of which are contrastive in voicing. It also distinguishes the voiceless obstruents /t/ and /p/ with their aspirated equivalents /tʰ/ and /pʰ/, respectively.[3]

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain aspirated plain aspirated
Stop voiceless p pʰ t tʰ c k
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Fricative s h
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Vocabulary

Below are some Toto words from van Driem (1995), who uses these words to suggest that Toto may be a Sal language.[4] Template:Refbegin

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Pronouns

The Toto personal pronouns are (van Driem 1995):[4]

singular plural
first person Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
second person Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
third person Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration

Numerals

The Toto numerals are (van Driem 1995):[4]

English numeral bare stem for counting counting humans counting animals inanimate objects
one Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
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eight Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
nine Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
ten Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
eleven Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
twelve Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
twenty Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
twenty-one Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
thirty Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
forty Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
fifty Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration
sixty Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration Template:Transliteration

Writing system

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An alphabetic script developed for the language by community elder and author, Dhaniram Toto, was published in 2015, and has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing; most significantly, the Toto alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2021. Prior to the publication of this script, Dhaniram Toto and other members of the community (whose literacy rate as per sample survey carried out in 2003 was just 33.64 per cent) penned books and poems in the Bengali script.[2]

Unicode

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Toto alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2021 with the release of version 14.0.

The Unicode block for Toto is U+1E290–U+1E2BF:

Template:Unicode chart Toto

See also

Notes

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References

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External links

Template:Sino-Tibetan languages Template:Kiranti languages

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Languages of India
  4. ↑ a b c van Driem, George. 1995. The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.
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