Toppenish, Washington

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Toppenish (Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".) is a city in Yakima County, Washington, United States. The population was 8,854 at the 2020 census.[1] It is located within the Yakama Indian Reservation, established in 1855.

Toppenish calls itself the city of Murals, as it has more than 75 murals adorning its buildings. The first, "Clearing the Land", was painted in 1989, and the city hosts horse-drawn tours and annual art events. All murals are historically accurate and depict scenes of the region from 1840 to 1940.[2][3][4][5]

History

All territory set aside for the Yakama Indian Reservation by the Treaty of Washington was held communally in the name of the tribe. None of the land was individually owned. The treaty of 1855, between the United States government, representatives from thirteen other bands, tribes, and Chief Kamiakin, resulted in the Yakama Nation relinquishing Script error: No such module "convert". of their homeland. Prior to their ceding the land, only Native Americans had lived in the area.

For a time they were not much disturbed, but the railroad was constructed into the area in 1883. More white settlers migrated into the region, looking for farming land, and joined the ranchers in older settlements bordering the Columbia River.

The Dawes Act of 1887 was part of federal legislation designed to force assimilation to European-American ways by Native Americans. Specifically, it was designed to break up the communal tribal land of Native American reservations and allot portions to individual households of tribal members, in order to encourage subsistence farming in the European-American style and familiarity with western conceptions of property. Lands declared excess by the government to this allotment were available for sale to anyone, and European Americans had been demanding more land in the West for years. Under varying conditions, Native American landowners were to be allowed to sell their plots.

Josephine Bowser Lillie was among Native Americans granted an Script error: No such module "convert". allotment of land within the Yakama Reservation. Of mixed Native American/European ancestry and Yakama identification, she is known as "The Mother of Toppenish." She platted the north Script error: No such module "convert". of her land. These tracts became the first deeded land to be sold on the Yakama Nation Reservation.

File:Toppenish - City Hall.JPG
Toppenish City Hall

A driving figure in Toppenish's early development was William Leslie Shearer (October 31, 1862 – June 5, 1922). Since Toppenish had no church in 1897 Shearer obtained permission from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company and offered the freight room for religious services. Following this, he helped organize the first Methodist Church and, as trustee, was instrumental in the construction of a building that would house the church and also serve as school classrooms until a separate schoolhouse could be built. The building was completed in time for the 1898-1899 school term.

After leaving the employment of the railroad, Shearer, with Frank J. Lemon as his partner, opened Toppenish's first drugstore in 1905. About a year later, Shearer sold out, turning his attention to the newly organized Yakima Produce and Trading company, with George Plank, A.W. McDonald and M. McDonald as partners. The company bought some acreage and leased more sagebrush land to develop the 1700-acre ranch near Satus Station. Shearer had a system of irrigation ditches constructed leading from Satus Creek to the acreage.

Toppenish was officially incorporated on April 29, 1907, and founded by Johnny Barnes.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The city lies inside the boundaries of the Yakama Nation's Reservation.

Etymology

Tẋápniš in the Sahaptin language of the Yakama is the likely source of the name Toppenish. The word means ‘protruded, stuck out’ and recalls a landslide that occurred on the ridge south of White Swan, Washington.[6] According to William Bright, the name "Toppenish" comes from the Sahaptin word /txápniš/, referring to a landslide, from /txá-/, "accidentally", /-pni-/, "to launch, to take forth and out", and /-ša/, "continuative present tense".[7]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of Script error: No such module "convert"., all land.[8]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Template:Sronly%±
19101,598—
19203,120Script error: No such module "String".%
19302,774Script error: No such module "String".%
19403,683Script error: No such module "String".%
19505,265Script error: No such module "String".%
19605,667Script error: No such module "String".%
19705,744Script error: No such module "String".%
19806,517Script error: No such module "String".%
19907,419Script error: No such module "String".%
20008,946Script error: No such module "String".%
20108,949Script error: No such module "String".%
20208,854Script error: No such module "String".%
2023 (est.)8,650[9]Script error: No such module "String".%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
2020 Census[1]

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Racial and ethnic composition

Toppenish, Washington – racial and ethnic composition
<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / ethnicity (NH = non-Hispanic) Pop. 2000[11] Pop. 2010[12] Pop. 2020[13] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 1,398 785 627 15.63% 8.77% 7.08%
Black or African American alone (NH) 29 18 17 0.32% 0.20% 0.19%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 594 627 580 6.64% 7.01% 6.55%
Asian alone (NH) 22 13 15 0.25% 0.15% 0.17%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 1 0 7 0.01% 0.00% 0.08%
Other race alone (NH) 13 26 21 0.15% 0.29% 0.24%
Mixed race or multiracial (NH) 115 92 113 1.29% 1.03% 1.28%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 6,774 7,388 7,474 75.72% 82.56% 84.41%
Total 8,946 8,949 8,854 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 8,854 people, 2,397 households, and 1,926 families residing in the city.[14] The population density was Script error: No such module "convert"., with 2,453 housing units at an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".; 2.3% of the housing units were vacant, the homeowner vacancy rate was 0.4%, and the rental vacancy rate was 2.0%.[14]

The median age was 28.5 years; 33.7% of residents were under the age of 18, 9.3% were under the age of 5, and 9.5% were 65 years of age or older.[14] For every 100 females there were 101.6 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 98.5 males.[14]

There were 2,397 households, of which 55.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them. Of all households, 47.7% were married-couple households, 16.6% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 25.9% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[14]

Ninety-nine point eight percent of residents lived in urban areas, while 0.2% lived in rural areas.[15]

Racial composition as of the 2020 census[16]
Race Number Percent
White 1,623 18.3%
Black or African American 35 0.4%
American Indian and Alaska Native 829 9.4%
Asian 32 0.4%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 12 0.1%
Some other race 4,674 52.8%
Two or more races 1,649 18.6%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 7,474 84.4%

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 8,949 people, 2,237 households, and 1,900 families residing in the city. The population density was Script error: No such module "convert".. There were 2,334 housing units at an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".. The racial makeup of the city was 33.85% White, 0.68% African American, 8.05% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 52.58% from some other races and 4.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 82.56% of the population.

There were 2,237 households, of which 62.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15.1% were non-families. 11.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.96 and the average family size was 4.22.

The median age in the city was 24.3 years. 37.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 17.2% were from 45 to 64; and 6.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.3% male and 48.7% female.

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 8,946 people, 2,275 households, and 1,874 families residing in the city. The population density was Script error: No such module "convert".. There were 2,440 housing units at an average density of Script error: No such module "convert".. The racial makeup of the city was 31.48% White, 0.56% African American, 7.90% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 55.95% from some other races and 3.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 75.72% of the population.

There were 2,275 households, out of which 52.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 14.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.88 and the average family size was 4.26.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 38.8% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 14.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,950, and the median income for a family was $28,228. Males had a median income of $22,264 versus $19,704 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,101. About 29.2% of families and 32.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.1% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.

Crime

Template:Infobox UCR

According to the Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2023, there were 64 violent crimes and 524 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of 8 murders, 3 forcible rapes, 27 robberies and 26 aggravated assaults, while 88 burglaries, 333 larceny-thefts, 101 motor vehicle thefts and 2 acts of arson defined the property offenses.

Education

Public schools are operated by the Toppenish School District, whose offices are located here.

The Yakama Nation also operates the Yakama Nation Tribal School, which is adjacent to Toppenish.[17]

The main campus of Heritage University (HU) is in Toppenish.[18] HU was established as Heritage College in 1982, and received acreditation in 1985 from the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). Heritage College became Heritage University in 2004.[19]

Notable people

References

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  6. ↑ Beavert, Virginia and Hargus, Sharon. Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit Yakama = Yakima Sahaptin dictionary. Toppenish, Washington : Heritage University; Seattle : in association with the University of Washington Press, 2009; p. 237. OCLC 268797329
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". - Compare to map of the city, US Census Bureau, 2010
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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