Tokoyama

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Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Good article

File:大相撲川崎場所 2017 (33234081643).jpg
A Template:Transliteration dressing the hair of professional sumo wrestler Takayasu

A Script error: No such module "Nihongo". is a traditional Japanese hairdresser specializing in the theatrical arts (kabuki and Template:Transliteration) and professional sumo. The Template:Transliteration trade is the result of a slow evolution from the traditional Japanese barbers of the Edo period, some of whom gradually started to specialize in hairstyles of actors, puppets, and Template:Transliteration. The word Template:Transliteration uses a Japanese character meaning 'floor', because in the Edo period barbers had shops on simple raised floors.Template:Sfn[1]

Template:Transliteration use a variety of traditional techniques and tools, mainly combs, spikes and strings, to style the hair after oiling it. Although Template:Transliteration maintain the use of techniques inherited from the Edo period, it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain a traditional practice with the gradual disappearance of the craftsmen producing the oils and tools needed for traditional hairdressing.

Template:Transliteration maintain close relationships with those whose hair they arrange, often assigned to the particular service of a small group of people. In kabuki, this relationship leads the Template:Transliteration to choose a specialization that will lead them to follow only actors dedicated to a particular style of acting. In Template:Transliteration, the hairdressers carry out the decisions of stewards who choose the hairstyles. In sumo, Template:Transliteration are seen as essential elements of the sport, helping to maintain its traditional appearance.

Traditional theater

Kabuki

File:Japanese wig master.jpg
A kabuki Template:Transliteration with various wigs backstage at a traditional theater.

In kabuki, the hairstyle, and more specifically the wig, is an important element of the art, as no actor appears on stage without one.Template:Sfn The craftsmen who comb the actors' hair are called Template:Transliteration.Template:Sfn They are not responsible for creating the wigs (which is the responsibility of wig makers called the Template:Transliteration), but for fitting and finishing them before the actors go on stage.Template:Sfn Kabuki Template:Transliteration are the only ones to be divided into groups called Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..Template:Sfn These names were inspired by the floors of the Kabuki-za on which the Template:Transliteration work on their wigs.[2] With each group of Template:Transliteration comes a specialization, and the 'second floor' Template:Transliteration specialize in styling the hair of actors playing female roles, while the 'third floor' specialize in styling male characters.Template:Sfn Cases where a Template:Transliteration does not specialize are rare, but they do exist.[3] Kabuki Template:Transliteration are assigned to specific actors on a full-time basis.[2][3]

Template:Transliteration

In Template:Transliteration, puppets are coiffed like real actors.[4] Template:Transliteration puppet theater is organized into two guilds. One, the Template:Transliteration, groups together the artists (Template:Transliteration players, puppeteers and narrators), while the other, the National Bunraku Theatre, groups together the support professions (costume and doll-head stewards). Template:Transliteration belong to the latter organization.[4] Unlike in kabuki, the Template:Transliteration in Template:Transliteration are responsible for both creating the wig and styling it.[4] In Template:Transliteration, the Template:Transliteration receives instructions from the Template:Transliteration, a theater steward selecting puppet heads from about 400 options, to show subtle differences in what the characters are expressing.Template:Sfn Once the wig has been chosen, the Template:Transliteration is then responsible for styling it to match the puppet.Template:Sfn There are about 120 different hairstyles, with about 80 for men and 40 for women.[4]

Sumo

File:Fusanishiki 1961 Scan10016.JPG
Former Template:Transliteration Fusanishiki getting his hair done in 1961

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In professional sumo, the Template:Transliteration are employed by the Japan Sumo Association to cut and prepare wrestlers' hair, which is then styled in a Template:Transliteration style.[5][6] Historically, wrestlers went to public barbershops to get their hair done.Template:Sfn However, during the Meiji era, traditional barbers gradually disappeared as Western hairstyles became fashionable.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn To continue styling the hair of wrestlers who had maintained the tradition of wearing the Template:Transliteration topknot, Template:Transliteration were borrowed for a time from kabuki theaters to serve wrestlers during tournaments.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Eventually, Template:Transliteration became an integral part of professional sumo and began training specifically to style the wrestlers' hair.Template:Sfn

Today, the Sumo Association employs the Template:Transliteration and ranks them according to experience and ability.Template:Sfn There are around 50 Template:Transliteration employed by the Sumo Association at all times,Template:Sfn[7] but new positions can be created if a stable with more than 12 wrestlers and no hairdresser requests so.[8] Apprentices, all men aged 15 to 19,[8] are attached to a sumo stable like other personnel such as Template:Transliteration (referee) or Template:Transliteration (handymen).Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Stables that do not have their own Template:Transliteration can rely on hairdressers from other stables belonging to the same Template:Transliteration (clan) to do their wrestlers' hair.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Each Template:Transliteration learns his trade from a senior member of staff.Template:Sfn If a Template:Transliteration's stable doesn't have a more experienced hairdresser, a hairdresser from the same Template:Transliteration will take over the apprenticeship.[8] Template:Transliteration must train for at least seven years before they are considered capable of working on their own.Template:Sfn Only the most senior Template:Transliteration are entitled to prepare the more ornate Template:Transliteration, the ginkgo leaf shaped topknot which Template:Transliteration-ranked wrestlers wear in their bouts and on other formal occasions.Template:Sfn This usually only happens after ten years' experience.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Template:Transliteration are divided into a hierarchical system that does not follow the names of sumo divisions, unlike the Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration.[9] Beginners start at Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and are promoted according to their years of service and skills until they reach Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[9] Template:Transliteration are not considered qualified craftsmen (Template:Transliteration) until they are promoted to the rank of Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[10] Promotion to third class takes around 10 years, while promotion to second and first class takes around 20 and 30 years respectively.[8] When promoted to second class, Template:Transliteration receive a higher salary and a bonus during tournaments.[10] When they have reached first class and have demonstrated exceptional skill, Template:Transliteration can ascend to Template:Transliteration, or 'special class' Template:Transliteration.[9] Promotion to this rank has very strict prerequisites and the Template:Transliteration must have served for around 45 years and have demonstrated "excellent talents".[8][9] There is normally a maximum of two Template:Transliteration at this rank,[5] although three special class Template:Transliteration coexisted in 2019 (Tokohachi, Tokomatsu and Tokoyodo).[11] Special class Template:Transliteration are the only ones allowed to style the topknot of a Template:Transliteration, a sumo wrestler of the highest rank.[5] Template:Transliteration are subject to mandatory retirement at the age of 65.Template:Sfn

In professional sumo, Template:Transliteration work under a pseudonym that always starts with the kanji for 'floor' or 'bed' (Script error: No such module "Lang"., pronounced Template:Transliteration) in their names.Template:Sfn The rest of the Template:Transliteration's name is usually derived from a kanji in his personal name, or from a kanji borrowed from the stable to which he belongs.Template:Sfn[9] Unlike Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration names cannot be passed on and are therefore unique.[8]

Special class Template:Transliteration have also appeared on the Template:Transliteration since January 2008 and in January 2012, first-class Template:Transliteration were also added.[8]

Wrestlers' hairstyles are so important in the culture of sumo that the Template:Transliteration profession is highly valued, with some former wrestlers employing their own hairdressers on their own money, like Taihō.Template:Sfn Some wrestlers create close ties with their hairdresser, such as former Template:Transliteration Hakuhō, whose hair was combed throughout his career by the same Template:Transliteration, former special class Template:Transliteration Tokohachi.[7][12] The importance of Template:Transliteration also extends to the founding of new stables, as their opening may be called into question if they are unable to obtain a hairdresser.Template:Sfn

Styling the haircut

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File:2022年秋巡業---大相撲千葉場所---大銀杏ができるまで.webm
A Template:Transliteration styling the Template:Transliteration of Tamawashi

Depending on the environment in which they work, Template:Transliteration may use strictly traditional tools, while others have more freedom and also use modern tools. Regardless of their professional environment, all the Template:Transliteration use a special ointment called Template:Transliteration (also spelled Template:Transliteration), renowned for its sturdiness, making it ideal for elaborate hairstyles.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[13] In sumo, the Template:Transliteration only use Template:Transliteration produced by a company in Edogawa, Tokyo.[14] In Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration can make the most use of modern tools in hairstyling, such as hairsprays and hair dryers.Template:Sfn However, they can not use oil in puppet headgear, as the puppet heads, made of cypress, would lose adhesion when color pigments are applied during restoration.[4]Template:Sfn

In both sumo and kabuki, the Template:Transliteration use two kinds of oil (called Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration) produced specifically for the manufacture of wigs.[15][16] Sumo Template:Transliteration use a Template:Transliteration ointment made traditionally from rapeseed, Japan wax and vanilla fragrance.[14][17] This ointment has a distinctive scent that is associated with professional sumo.[17][18]

Professional sumo and kabuki Template:Transliteration use combs and picks of various sizes.Template:Sfn[15] The special handmade combs are called Template:Transliteration.Template:Sfn Generally, these tools were made in the Kyoto Prefecture,Template:Sfn although it seems that the last company to manufacture them is now based in Nagoya.[5] Each type of comb is made from a different type of wood.[19] An Template:Transliteration comb is first used on the hair, followed by a Template:Transliteration to spread out the ointment and shine the hair.[14][19] A Template:Transliteration is used to tidy up the hair when everything is done.[19] A Template:Transliteration is used only to make the Template:Transliteration style of topknot, where the hair is then spread out using a metal pick called a Template:Transliteration.[14][19] In sumo, it is also common for Template:Transliteration to grow a thumbnail to facilitate styling.Template:Sfn

As of the 2020s, however, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain the traditional tools and balms used to style the haircuts, as the craftsmen who produce them are all gradually retiring without replacement.[17] This is notably the case of paper strings (called Template:Transliteration) used to tie up the hair of sumo wrestlers and kabuki actors' wigs,[15] which were made by just one craftsman in Iida, Nagano until he was forced to close down his business for good in 2020, when all activities requiring his strings (sumo, kabuki, period drama) ceased due to COVID-19.[17] In recent years, however, a few craftsmen have taken over the traditional manufacturing activities and two craftsmen now continue to produce Template:Transliteration.[20][21] Ointment for wrestlers' heads is also in short supply, with fewer and fewer companies able to manufacture it due particularly to recruitment difficulties and the lack of a market with sufficient demand, and existing family businesses are unable to continue their activities after the current managers retire.[17]

See also

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References

Notes

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Traditional theatre

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Sumo

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External links

Template:Sister project

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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