Tirio languages
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The Tirio languages are a family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. The Tirio languages have about 40% of their lexicon in common.
Languages
Evans (2018) lists the Tirio languages as:[1]
- Tirio (Makayam)
- Bitur (Paswam, Mutum)
- Lewada-Dewara, spoken on Dewala village on Sumogi Island
- Adulu (Aturu), also spoken on Sumogi Island
Baramu is somewhat more divergent in vocabulary, but this may reflect language contact rather than divergence in its position within the family. Pronouns are only available for Tirio itself (Makayam).
The moribund language Abom was once classified as a divergent Tirio language, sharing only an eighth of its lexicon with the others, but it turns out to not belong to the family at all, nor to the Anim family that Tirio is a branch of.[2]
A survey of the Tirio languages can be found in Jore and Alemán (2002).[3]
Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[4]
*m *n *p *t *k *mb *nd *ŋg *s *w *ɾ *j *ɣ
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
Pronouns
The pronouns are:[4]
sg pl 1 *naoɣ *naoj 2 *ɣaoɣ *jaoɣ 3m *igi *jiɣ 3f –
Evolution
Lower Fly River (Makayam and Baramu) reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:[5]
- Makayam makoːth, Baramu mangoːt ‘chin’ < *maŋgat[a] ‘mouth, teeth’
- Makayam (Giribam dialect) Bitur, Baramu moːm ‘seed’ < *maŋgV ‘fruit, seed, round’
- Makayam sakoa ‘lower arm’, Baramu saga ‘arm’ < *sa(ŋg,k)(a,i)l ‘hand, claw’
References
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- ↑ Jore, Tim and Laura Alemán. 2002. Sociolinguistic survey of the Tirio language family. Manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG.
- ↑ a b New Guinea World, Lower Fly River
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External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Lower Fly River
Template:Anim languages Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea