Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula

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Template:Multiple issues Template:Short description This is a timeline of notable events during the period of Muslim presence in Iberia, starting with the Umayyad conquest in the 8th century.

Conquest (711–756)

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The Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (756–929)

The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1009)

Political fragmentation (1009–1094)

  • 1009Template:Spaced ndashMuslims lay waste to León again.
    • The Berbers are expelled from Córdoba and set up camp at Calatrava. Their Generals nominate another descendant of Abd al-Rahman III – Sulayman al-Mustain – as a rival Caliph.
    • Suleiman seeks the aid of Count Sancho García of Castile against Mohammed II of Umayyad. The joint Berber-Castilian army defeats the Arab militia of Muhammad II and sacks Córdoba.
    • Sulaiman al-Mustain becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba as Suleiman II, after deposing Mohammed II.
    • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Badajoz becomes independent of the Caliph of Córdoba and governs the territory between Coimbra and North Alentejo.
  • 1010
    • Having fled to Toledo, Mohammed II seeks the aid of Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona and Urgel. The Catalan army defeats Sulaiman II's Berbers at Aqabat al-Baqar and again near the river Guadiaro (near Ronda).
    • Mohammed II reclaims Córdoba supported by the Slav General Wadih, but is assassinated.
    • Hisham II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under Wahdid.
  • 1012Template:Spaced ndashBerber forces capture Córdoba and order that half the population be executed.
    • Sulaiman II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by the Berber armies.
  • 1013Template:Spaced ndashA Berber reign of terror in Córdoba that kills the deposed Hisham II.
    • The powerless Sulaiman II is forced to hand out provincial governorships to the Berber chiefs.
    • Jews are expelled from the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, then ruled by Suleiman II.
    • Samuel ibn Naghrillah flees to Málaga when Suleiman attacks Córdoba.
    • Samuel ibn Naghrillah becomes vizier to the Emir of Granada, as does his son, Joseph ibn Naghrela. Many other Jews flee to Granada.
    • Caliphate of Córdoba begins to break up. Many Taifas (independent Moorish kingdoms) begin to spring up.
  • 1014Template:Spaced ndashThe Berber chief Zawi ibn Ziri – leader of the Sanhaja confederation, and a member of the Algerian royal family – makes Granada his capital.
  • 1015Template:Spaced ndashThe Emir of Denia, Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī, sets out from his base in the Balearic Islands with a fleet of 125 ships in an attempt to take Sardinia.
  • 1018Template:Spaced ndashSelf-proclaimed Caliph Ali ibn Hammud assassinated in Córdoba. His brother Al-Qasim replaces him. The Zirids of Granada defeat an Andalusian army of 4,000 under Abd ar-Rahman IV al-MutadaTemplate:Spaced ndashthe Umayyad claimant.
    • The Taifa of the Algarve becomes independent.
  • 1021Template:Spaced ndashAbd-ar-Rahman IV becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • 1022Template:Spaced ndashAbd-ar-Rahman V becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
    • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Lisbon emerges. It will be annexed by the Taifa of Badajoz.
  • 1023Template:Spaced ndashMuhammad III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
  • 1025Template:Spaced ndashAbu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, Abbadid Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
  • 1027Template:Spaced ndashHisham III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • 1028Template:Spaced ndashAlfonso V, king of Asturias and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
  • 1031Template:Spaced ndashThe Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.
    • Hisham III, the last of the Umayyad Caliphs disappears into obscurity.
  • 1033Template:Spaced ndashThe Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Mértola becomes independent.
  • 1034Template:Spaced ndashThe Leonese destroy a raiding force under Ismail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
  • 1035Template:Spaced ndashBermudo III of León defeats the Moors at the Battle of Cesar, in the Aveiro region.
  • 1038Template:Spaced ndashGranadine armies under the vizier wage almost continuous war against their Muslim neighbours, primarily Seville.
  • 1040Template:Spaced ndashThe Taifa of Silves becomes independent.
  • 1043Template:Spaced ndashZaragoza and Toledo fight over the border city of Guadalajara. Toledo pays the Navarrese to raid into Zaragoza; similarly, Zaragoza pays the León–Castilians to raid into Toledo. The Christian armies ravage the respective Muslim lands unchecked.
  • 1044Template:Spaced ndashAbbad III al-Mu'tamid, son of the Abbadid Emir of Seville Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, retakes Mértola, since 1033 an independent Taifa.
  • 1051Template:Spaced ndashYusuf ibn Hud, the Banu Hud Emir of Lleida, is paying the Catalans to protect against his own family in Zaragoza.
    • The Taifa of the Algarve is annexed by the Taifa of Seville.
  • 1053Template:Spaced ndashEmir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Arcos, Morón and Ronda.
  • 1054Template:Spaced ndashBattle of Atapuerca. The army of Ferdinand I of Castile defeats that of his brother García III of Navarra, near Burgos. Several disaffected Navarrese knights join the Castilians before the battle and one of these men is believed to have killed Garcia. Garcia's son Sancho is proclaimed King on the field of battle and the war continues.
  • 1055Template:Spaced ndashEmir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Algeciras.
  • 1056Template:Spaced ndashThe Almoravids (al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. This Berber dynasty who would rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia until 1147.
  • 1057Template:Spaced ndashEmir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Almoravids from Carmona.
  • 1058Template:Spaced ndashEmir Al-Muzaffar al-Aftas (Abu Bekr Muhammad al-MudaffarTemplate:Spaced ndashModafar I of Badajoz, Aftasid dynasty) pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not before Ferdinand I of Castile-León takes Viseu.
  • 1060Template:Ndash1063Template:Spaced ndashCouncil (Ecumenical Synod) of Santiago de Compostela.
  • 1060Template:Spaced ndashThe heretic Berghouata Berbers set up a Taifa in Ceuta, but are eventually crushed by the Almoravids.
    • Ferdinand I of León imposes an annual tribute on Muslim Zaragoza. Emir Al-Muqtadir ibn Hud of Zaragoza drives Slavs from Tortosa when the Tortosans rise against their Slav ruler.
  • 1062Template:Spaced ndashFerdinand I of Castile and León invades Muslim Toledo with a large army. Emir Al-Mamun becomes a tributary of Castile. Ferdinand then invades Muslim Badajoz, and extracts tribute from Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville.
  • 1063Template:Spaced ndashBattle of Graus. During spring, Ramiro I of Aragon besieges Muslim Graus in Zaragozan territory. The Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza leads his army north accompanied by a Castilian contingent under Prince Sancho (the future Sancho II). Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar later known as El Cid is probably in the Castilian contingent. The opposing armies meet and after a protracted struggle Ramiro I is killed and the Aragonese flee (8 May 1063). Pope Alexander II sends an international force to Spain under his standard bearer William of Montreuil. It includes Italian knights, Normans (Robert Crespin, Baron of Lower Normandy), Frenchmen (William, Count of Poitiers and Duke of Aquitaine), and Iberians (Bishop of Vic; Count Ermengol II of Urgel). At the start of July the expedition besieges Barbastro in the Muslim Kingdom of Lleida. The Emir of Lleida (the brother of Ahmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza) makes no attempt to relieve the siege and after 40 days the defenders are forced to surrender when a large stone falls from the walls and blocks the only water supply. 50,000 inhabitants are massacred or enslaved. Count Ermengol II of Urgel is left as governor on behalf of Sancho Ramirez of Aragon. Seville feels obliged to pay Christians tribute.
    • The Taifa of Seville annexes the Taifa of Silves.
  • 1064Template:Spaced ndashFerdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslim Coimbra from 20 January 1064Template:Spaced ndash9 July 1064. The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000 inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across the Mondego river.
  • 1065Template:Spaced ndashCivil War in Castile-León. In April Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza, aided by 500 Sevillian knights, besieges Barbastro. The governor, Count Ermengol II of Urgel, is killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city falls, whereupon the Iberian and French garrison is put to the sword, thus bringing an end to Pope Alexander II's prototype crusade. At around the same time Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir breaks off relationships with Castile, and Ferdinand I leads a punitive expedition into ZaragozaTemplate:Spaced ndashtaking AlquezarTemplate:Spaced ndashand then into Valencia. Despite him being a tributary of Castile, Emir Mamun of Toledo leads to force in support of his son-in-law Emir Abd al-Malik. Mamun subsequently dethrones Abd al-Malik and incorporates Valencia into the Kingdom of Toledo. Ferdinand falls dangerously ill and retires from the field. King Ferdinand dies in León on 28 December 1065, and his empire is divided between his three sons: Sancho II in Castile, Alfonso VI in León, and Garcia in Galicia.
  • 1066Template:Spaced ndashJoseph ibn Naghrela, son of the Jewish Vizier Samuel ibn Naghrela Ha-Nagid, invites Al-Mutasim of Almería to come and rule in Granada. The Zirids of Sanhaja defeat the attempt and instigate a pogrom of the Jews in Granada.
    • Joseph and other Jews in Granada are attacked and murdered; many escapees flee to the north. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, December 30, 1066."[4]
  • 1067Template:Spaced ndashThe Castilian army under Sancho II and the Alferez Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar – already known as El Cid by this time – besiege Zaragoza. The siege is lifted after Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir pays a large ransom and promises tribute. War of the three Sanchos: Castile versus Aragon and Navarre. Aragon severely mauls the Castilians at Viana, however status quo is restored when the Zaragozan Wali of Huesca invades Aragon from the south.
  • 1068Template:Spaced ndashAlfonso VI of León leads a campaign against Badajoz, but withdraws when Emir Mamun ibn Dhi-I-Nun of Toledo intercedes. Badajoz becomes tributary to León. Later the Emir of Badajoz dies and his two sons dispute the succession.
  • 1069Template:Spaced ndashAlfonso VI of León overruns Badajoz early in the year. Seville takes Córdoba. The army consists of an advance guard of 300 horses and a main body of 1000.
  • 1071Template:Spaced ndashBattle of Pedroso (between Braga and the River Cávado) where Garcia II of Galicia suppresses the rebellion of his Portuguese subjects under Count Nuno Mendes, last count of Portugal of the Vímara Peres House. Count Nuno Mendes is killed and Garcia II of Galicia proclaims himself King of Portugal. Sometime after 18 January 1071 and before May, Garcia II of Galicia is captured by his brother Sancho II of Castile (It is unclear if Garcia was captured in open battle at Santarém or by trickery). Garcia purchases his release and retires to the court of his tributary Al-Mutamid of Seville. Galicia is divided between his brothers Sancho and Alfonso.
  • 1073Template:Spaced ndashThe Emir of Granada rejects the Castilian demand for tribute, however, Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, the Emir of Seville offers to pay instead. Consequently, a joint Muslim-Castilian force builds the fortress of Belillos, from which the garrison raid into Granada.
  • 1074Template:Spaced ndashEmir Al-Mutamid of Seville drives the Almoravids from Jaén.
  • 1075Template:Spaced ndashToledo takes Córdoba from Seville with the help of Castilian troops.
  • 1076Template:Spaced ndashEmir Ahmad al-Muqtadir drives Slavs from Denia. Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslims and takes Coria in Badajoz. After the Emir of Toledo dies, Seville takes Córdoba back from his son al-Qadir.
  • 1078Template:Spaced ndash Ibn Ammar acquires Murcia nominally on behalf of Seville but in reality as his own. Seville takes Valencia from Toledo. As a result, Al-Qadir of Toledo is forced from the city by a coup and his opponents acknowledge al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz as their new ruler. The Almoravids take Tangier. Ceuta hangs on as the last Zanata outpost because its fleet can supply it from sea.
  • 1079Template:Spaced ndashBattle of Cabra. Rodrigo Díaz, defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada, who was helped by the Castilian Count García Ordíñez.
  • Battle of Coria. Alfonso VI (already king of Castile and León) defeats the Muslim Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil. Al-Mutawwakkil renounces control of Toledo and al-Qadir is reinstated. A Leonese garrison is established at Zorita to the east of Toledo.
  • 1080Template:Spaced ndashIbn Ammar forced to flee Murcia.
  • 1081Template:Spaced ndashEl Cid, now a mercenary because he had been exiled by Alfonso IV of Castile, enters the service of the Moorish king of the northeast Spanish city of Zaragosa, al-Mu'tamin, and would remain there for his successor, al-Mu'tamin II.
  • 1082Template:Spaced ndashBattle of Almenar. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, leading the army of Al-Mutamin of Zaragoza, defeats a combined army of the kings of Valencia (Al-Mundhir), Lleida (Al-Hayib), Aragon (Sancho Ramírez), and the Count of Barcelona (Berenguer Ramón II, who is captured). When Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville pays his tribute in debased coinage, Alfonso of León-Castile leads an expedition in Muslim territory.
  • 1083Template:Spaced ndashIn June–July Almoravids take CeutaTemplate:Spaced ndashthe last outpost of the ZanataTemplate:Spaced ndashand put to death the ruler, al-Muizz ibn Badis. Ships from Seville may have aided the attack. The same summer Alfonso of León-Castile reaches Tarifa overlooking the Straits of Gibraltar. Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes Madrid.
  • 1084Template:Spaced ndashThe Muslim army of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Aragonese. In autumn the Castilians start a loose siege of Toledo.
  • 1085Template:Spaced ndashChristians take Salamanca.
    • Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile, Emperor of all Spains, takes Toledo.
  • 1086Template:Spaced ndashSeveral Muslim Emirs (namely Abbad III al-Mu'tamid) ask the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI of León and Castile. In this year Yusuf ibn Tashfin passed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the Battle of az-Zallaqah (North of Badajoz). He was debarred from following up his victory by trouble in North Africa which he had to settle in person.
    • Raymond of Burgundy, son of William I, Count of Burgundy, comes to Iberia for the 1st time to fight against the Moors, bringing with him his younger cousin Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.
    • In spring the Castilians besiege Zaragoza, but the siege is called off when the Almoravids land in the south. In June the Almoravids advance guard of 500 men take possession of Algeciras. The remaining 12–20,000 soon follow. Castilians under Alvar Fañez install al-Qadir as Emir of Valencia.
    • Almoravids, rampage through parts of Iberia, especially Granada and Lucena. There are persecutions and massacres. The wealthier Jews flee to Christian-held Iberia.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
    • The Christian advance obliges the Muslim kings of Granada, Seville and Badajoz to call to their aid the Almoravids.
    • Battle of az-Zallaqah: At Sagrajas (Friday 23 October 1086) north-east of Badajoz, the Almoravids (12,000 or 20,000 men) under Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Andalusians (including Kings of Seville, Granada, Málaga, and Badajoz) defeat a predominantly Leonese-Castilian army (possibly 50–60,000 men including Jews, Aragonese, Italian and French) under Alfonso VI of León and Castile. The Andalusians encamp separately from the Almoravids. The Christian vanguard (Alvar Fañez) surprise the Andalusian camp before dawn; the men of Seville (Al-Mutamid) hold firm but the remaining Andalusians are chased off by the Aragonese cavalry. The Christian main body then attacks the Almoravids, but are held by the Lamtuma, and then withdraw to their own camp in response to an outflanking move by ibn Tashufin. The Aragonese return to the field, do not like what they see, and start a withdraw which turns to a rout. The Andalusians rally, and the Muslims drive Alfonso to a small hill. Alfonso and 500 knights escape in the night to Toledo. Al-Mutamid proposes that the Christians are pursued and crushed, but Ibn Tashufin retires back to his African domains leaving only 3,000 troops to defend the east of Al-Andalus. Al-Mutamid and the Almoravid generals Sir ibn Abi Bakr and Dawud ibn Aisha are reported to have fought well during the battle.
  • 1087Template:Spaced ndashAlfonso VI of León and Castile takes the fortress of Aledo in the territory of Murcia, blocking the route from Seville and Granada to the eastern provinces.
    • After his crushing defeat at Zallaqa, Alfonso VI of León and Castile swallows his pride and recalls El Cid from exile.
  • 1088Template:Spaced ndashYusuf ibn Tashfin arrives back in Algeciras (May–June) and is joined by al-Mutamid of Seville and Abd Allah of Granada, plus support from Almería and Murcia (but not the Emirs). The combined army besieges Aledo for 4 months, but Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to Africa unsuccessful.
  • 1090Template:Spaced ndashYusuf ibn Tashfin returns to the Peninsula for the third time, takes over the kingdoms of Granada and Málaga in September and is back in Africa by the end of the year. However, this time his nephew Sir ibn Abi Bakr is left to continue the conquest. Between 30 April 1090 and 8 May 1090, Christian troops enter Santarém, Lisbon and Sintra. These were recently ceded by the Al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz in return for protection from the Almoravids.
    • July 1090: Yusuf besieges Toledo without success.
    • Yusuf ibn Tashfin, King of the Almoravids, captures Granada.
  • 1091Template:Spaced ndashThe Almoravids led by Muhammad ibn al-Hajj take Córdoba and the Guadalquivir valley early in the year, and then defeat a Castilian force under Álvar Fáñez who were attempting to aid Al-Mutamid of Seville. In September Seville surrenders without much of a fight to Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Subsequently, other Almoravids armies take Aledo and Almería. Ronda also falls and the Almoravid commander Garur executes al-Radi (the son al-Mutamid of Seville).
    • The Taifa of Mértola falls to the Almoravids.
  • 1092Template:Spaced ndashWith El Cid away in Zaragoza, the Valencians under the qadi Ibn Jahhaf and supported by a small Almoravid force, drive the Castilian garrison out and execute their Emir al-Qadir. Ibn Jahhaf promptly sets himself up at Emir and starts negotiating with both El Cid and the Almoravids.
  • 1093Template:Spaced ndashAn Almoravid army (Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahiim) approaches Valencia but then retreats without striking a blow.
    • Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon. Fall of the Taifa of Badajoz.
    • El Cid captures Valencia from the Moors, carving out his own kingdom along the Mediterranean that is only nominally subservient to Alfonso VI of León and Castile. Valencia would be both Christian and Muslim, with adherents of both religions serving in his army.
    • The Almoravids from Morocco land near Quart de Poblet and lay siege to Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid, however, breaks the siege and forces the Almoravids to flee – the first Christian victory against the hard-fighting Africans.

Almoravid-Almohad period (1094–1238)

  • 1094Template:Spaced ndashBy 1094, Yusuf had annexed most of the major taifas, with the exception of the one at Zaragoza. The Almoravids were victorious at the Battle of Consuegra, during which the son of El Cid, Diego Rodríguez, perished. Alfonso, with some Leónese, retreated into the castle of Consuegra, which was besieged for eight days until the Almoravids withdrew to the south.
  • 1095Template:Spaced ndashThe Almoravids take Santarém.
  • 1097Template:Spaced ndashEl Cid defeats Almoravid (Ali ibn al-Hajj) at the Battle of Bairén south of Valencia.
    • Almoravid (Muhammad ibn al-Hajj) defeat Castilians (Alfonso VI) at Consuegra. El Cid's son, Diego, is one of the dead.
    • Almoravid (Muhammad ibn Aisha) defeat Castilians (Alva Fañez) at Cuenca before ravaging the lands of Valencia.
    • Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes the title of Amir al Muslimin (Prince of the Muslims).
  • 1099Template:Spaced ndashThe Almoravids besiege El Cid's Valencia, where he dies on 10 July 1099.
  • 1100Template:Spaced ndashMolina falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
  • Beginning of 12th centuryTemplate:Spaced ndashAccording to estimates, the Muslim population in Iberia may have reached 5.5 million, including Arabs, Berber and indigenous converts.[5]
  • 1102Template:Spaced ndashThe followers of El Cid leave Valencia and the Muslims occupy the Peninsula as far as Zaragoza; Battle of Mollerussa near Lleida on 14 September.
    • Main Muslim mosque in Toledo converted to a church, Muslim population is sparse.
    • Christians evacuate Valencia in April–May. Almoravid (Mazdali, presumably ibn Tilankan; Muhammad ibn Fatima) occupy the city. Of the Taifa states only Zaragoza, Majorca, and Albarracin remain independent.
  • 1103Template:Spaced ndashAli, the brother of the Almoravid governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj, is killed in battle with the Castilians near Talavera.
  • 1105Template:Spaced ndashThe Almohads, founded by Ibn Tumart, began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohads were opposed to anthropomorphisms which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mu'min, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
  • 1106Template:Spaced ndashYusuf ibn Tashfin dies and his son, Ali, takes over the Almoravid empire.
  • 1108Template:Spaced ndashThe Almoravids under Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the brother of the ruler; another general is Muhammad ibn Fatima, the grandson of Sir ibn Abi Bakr, take the small town of Uclés to the east of Toledo, but a ridge top fortress holds out. Alfonso VI of León and Castile sends a relieving army under Alvar Fañez. The Almoravids decisively beat the Castilians and many leaders are killed, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son (by Zaïda, a Muslim princess) and heir. Subsequently, the Almoravids pretend to withdraw then launch a successful surprise attack on the castle. As a result, the Christians abandon Cuenca and Huete.
    • Almoravid (Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin) storm Talavera on the Tagus to the west of Toledo. The country to the north and south of Toledo is ravaged and the city unsuccessfully besieged for a month. Alvar Fañez leads the defence. Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin joined this year's Jihad but does not mention him in the actions.
  • 1009-1013Template:Spaced ndash Berbers besiege Cordoba held by Umayyad Caliph Hisham II and destroy the surrounding land, including the sacking of Medina Azahara.
  • 1110Template:Spaced ndashAl-Mustain of Zaragoza leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed at Valtierra. His son, Imad al-Din, fails to establish his rule and the Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) marches in (30 May 1110).
  • 1111Template:Spaced ndashAlmoravids led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west. These cities were occupied by the Almoravids in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
  • 1112Template:Spaced ndashBy this time the Aragonese have taken Huesca. Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) raids into Aragonese territory and reaches the foothills of the Pyrenees.
  • 1114Template:Spaced ndashA major Almoravid expedition (ibn al-Hajj from Zaragoza and Ibn Aisha of Valencia) raids into Catalonia. The army ravages Christian territory but is ambushed on its return and both Almoravid generals are killed. The Catalans under Count Ramon Berengar III take over the Balearic Islands upon the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Majorca.
    • The Taifa of Beja and Évora becomes independent.
  • 1115Template:Spaced ndashThe new Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit, lays siege to Barcelona for 20 days. The Almoravids withdraw when Count Ramon Berengar III returns from Majorca. The Almoravid fleet takes the Balearic Islands. The Almoravid general and governor of Granada Mazdali ibn Tilankan dies in battle this year. He led expeditions against the Christians from 1111, so he might have led an expedition separate from those of Abu Bakr and the fleet. His son, Muhammad, governor of Córdoba, also dies in battle this year (against the Castilians), so it may have been the same expedition.
  • 1117Template:Spaced ndashAlmoravids under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf himself siege Coimbra, but abandon the city after failing to capture it.
  • 1118Template:Spaced ndashAlfonso I of Aragon takes Saragossa from the Muslims. Settlers in the reconquered no-man's lands of Castile are granted fueros, special rights.
    • The Aragonese led AlfonsoTemplate:NdashI the Battler seize Zaragoza and most of the central lands of the Ebro. The siege of Zaragoza lasts from 22 May 1118 to 18 December 1118. The garrison has 20 mangonels and is supported by a determined militia. As a result of a plea for help of 3 December the Almoravid governor of Valencia sends a relief force, but this is too small to help. Lleida only remains in Muslim hands because it is tributary to Barcelona.
    • Zaragoza falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
  • 1120Template:Spaced ndashAlfonso I of Aragon decisively defeats an Almoravid army including many Andalusian volunteers at the Battle of Cutanda in summer. The Aragonese take Calatayud.
  • 1121Template:Spaced ndashThe Córdobans rebel against the Almoravids, and drive the governor and his troops from the city. The Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads an army from Africa to suppress the rebellion. The Almoravids besiege the city, and persuade the Córdobans to lay down their arms.
  • 1122Template:Spaced ndashAragonese take Daroca.
  • 1125Template:Spaced ndashIn September, Alfonso I of Aragon sets out south with an army of 4,000 knights. He travels down the east coast, bypasses the cities and ravages the countryside. He reaches Guadix unopposed in December.
  • 1126Template:Spaced ndashThe Almoravids deport Christians to Morocco.
    • Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Almoravids at Arinzul near Lucena. After symbolically fishing at Motril on the south coast, Alfonso returns home undefeated.
  • 1129Template:Spaced ndashAlfonso I of Aragon defeats an Almoravid army led by Ali ibn Majjuz, the governor of Seville deep inside Valencian territory. This is probably at Cullera or Alcalá near Alzira.

Granada-Marinid period, Decline and submission to Christian rule (1243–1481)

Castile-Aragón conquers the emirate of Granada (1481–1491)

  • 26 December 1481Template:Spaced ndashThe Granadines (Emir Abu l-Hasan Ali) surprise the Castilian garrison of Zahara on a stormy night. The population is enslaved.
  • 1482Template:Spaced ndashForces of Castile–Aragon (2500 cavalry and 3000 infantry) under Rodrigo Ponce de León, Marquis of Cadiz gather at Marchena (25 Feb), march to Antequera, cross the Sierra Alzerifa, and then seize Granadine Alhama on a stormy night before dawn (28 February 1482). Abu l-Hasan attempts to retake Alhama by siege (5–19 March) but withdraws unsuccessfully to Granada. Muslim troops from Ronda raid the Arcos area to try to tempt the Marquis out of Alhama. In support of his men at Alhama, King Ferdinand marches to Lucena, sends reinforcements to Alhama (30 April 1482), withdraws to Córdoba to organise a major force, and then formally takes over Alhama (14 May 1482).
  • 1483Template:Spaced ndashBattle of Lucena. A fast moving Castilian force raids very close of Lucena. Emir Muhammad XII of Granada becomes the first King of Granada to be captured by the Christians.
  • 1484Template:Spaced ndashThe Castilian-Aragónese army led by King Ferdinand II of Aragon assembles at Antequera in Spring, marches to Álora, raids Coín, Casarabonela, Almjia, Cártama, Pupiana, Alhendín, and the fertile valley of Málaga before returning to Antequera. They capture Álora and Senetil and raid into the fertile valley of Granada.
  • 1485Template:Spaced ndashAl-Zagal drives Muhammad XII from Almería. Muhammad XII flees to King Ferdinand II of Aragon, at Córdoba. Ferdinand besieges Coín and Cártama. Al-Zagal then attempts to relieve the sieges, but first Coín falls (27 April 1485) then Cártama (28 April 1485). The garrison of Ronda raids Medina Sidonia but returns to find its city besieged by Ferdinand in early May. Abu Hasan of Granada dies and Al-Zagal assumes title of Emir in late May; Al-Zagal defeats a Christian foraging party from Alhama on his way to Granada. Three groups of Castilian–Aragonese march toward Moclin (late Aug). Al-Zagal ambushes and defeats the first group, although it is rescued by the second group of Christians in early September. Al-Zagal enters Moclin. The third Castilian-Aragonese group (Ferdinand) joins the other two and they take the castles of Cambil and Albahar (23 September 1485). The Castilian-Aragonese of Alhama also take the castle of Zalea in September.
  • 1487Template:Spaced ndashMálaga falls to the Reconquista after the Siege of Málaga (1487).
  • 1489Template:Spaced ndashSpain captures Baza. Al-Zagal surrenders to Spain.
    • Almería falls to the Reconquista.
  • 1491Template:Spaced ndashGranada surrenders to the Castilian-Aragonese forces. Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII, Emir of Granada, relinquishes the last Muslim-controlled city in the Iberian Peninsula to the expanding Crown of Castile, and signs the Treaty of Granada.

Aftermath (1492–1614)

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Timeline of religion

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  4. ↑ "Granada" by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
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  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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