Thoropa
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Thoropa is a genus of frogs in the family Cycloramphidae.[1][2] They are endemic to eastern and southeastern Brazil. They are sometimes known as river frogs.[1]
Description, ecology, and behavior
Thoropa are associated with rocks and have cryptic coloration. Their size ranges from small to medium, Script error: No such module "convert". in snout–vent length.[3] They occur at elevations up to Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level;[3] Thoropa miliaris and Thoropa taophora can even live on rocky marine shores, foraging in the intertidal zone.[4][5] Male Thoropa are associated with wet rock faces, whereas the females seem to range more widely.[6]
In species where reproduction is known, males are territorial—suitable wet rock faces are a scarce resource. Furthermore, mature male Thoropa feature characteristic clusters of dark spines on the inner portions of the hand. It appears that these are associated with male-male combat, probably in conjunction with territorial disputes. Scratch marks in males, but not in females, support this interpretation.[6]
The eggs are laid on rocks with a thin layer of water. Tadpoles are semiterrestrial and have a depressed shape, long tail, and bulging eyes.[3]
Male T. taophora frogs mate exclusively and repeatedly with two females per season in a polygynous system in which the semiterrestrial tadpoles from both females share the same freshwater seep.[7] The females have a dominance hierarchy, and the males mate more with the dominant female.[7]
Species
The genus contains the following species:[1][2]
- Thoropa bryomantis Assis, Lacerda, Guimarães, Peixoto, Luna, and Feio, 2021
- Thoropa lutzi Cochran, 1938
- Thoropa megatympanum Caramaschi and Sazima, 1984
- Thoropa miliaris (Spix, 1824)
- Thoropa petropolitana (Wandolleck, 1907)
- Thoropa saxatilis Cocroft and Heyer, 1988
- Thoropa taophora (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923)
References
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