Thomas Linley the elder

File:Gainsborough, Thomas - Thomas Linley the elder - Google Art Project.jpg

Portrait of Thomas Linley the Elder, Oil-on-canvas painting created around 1770 by Thomas Gainsborough (Dulwich Picture Gallery). Linley is holding his "Elegies for Three Voices".

File:Gainsborough, Thomas - Elizabeth and Mary Linley - Google Art Project.jpg

The Linley Sisters by Thomas Gainsborough, 1772, Dulwich Picture Gallery

Thomas Linley (17 January 1733 – 19 November 1795) was an English bass and musician active in Bath, Somerset. Born in Badminton, Gloucestershire, Linley began his musical career after he moved to Bath at age 11 and became apprentice to the organist Thomas Chilcot. After his marriage to Mary Johnson in 1752, Linley at first supported his wife and growing family predominantly as a music teacher. As his children grew and he developed their musical talent, he drew an increasing amount of income from their concerts while also managing the assembly rooms in Bath. When the new Bath Assembly Rooms opened in 1771, Linley became musical director and continued to promote his children's careers. He was eventually able to move to London with the thousands of pounds which he had amassed from their concerts.

Among Linley's students were his eight children (Elizabeth Ann, Thomas, Mary, Samuel, Maria, Ozias, William, and Jane), as well as tenor Charles Dignum, singer and actress Anna Maria Crouch, and novelist Frances Sheridan. Linley collaborated with his son Thomas in penning the comic opera The Duenna, with libretto by his son-in-law Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

Early life

Linley's parents were William (1704–1792), a carpenter,Template:Efn and Maria (1701–1792). He was the couple's eldest child and was born on 17 January 1733 in the village of Badminton in Gloucestershire.Template:R/superscript When Linley was 11 years old, in 1744, the family moved to Bath, Somerset where he served an apprenticeship with Thomas Chilcot,Template:R/superscript the organist at Bath Abbey.Template:R/superscript Before becoming Chilcot's apprentice, Linley had initially assisted by pumping the organ.Template:Sfnp He may also have received tuition from Domenico ParadisiTemplate:R/superscript who was giving harpsichord lessons in London from around 1747.Template:R/superscript William Boyce also tutored him in London.Template:R/superscript

He married Mary Johnson (1729–1820) on 11 May 1752Template:R/superscript in Batheaston;Template:Sfnp Johnson was described by Ozias Humphry, who lodged with the couple for two years from 1762 until 1764,Template:Sfnp as having musical talents almost on a par with her husband.Template:R/superscript According to Michael Kelly, when young, Mrs Linley was "reckoned beautiful".Template:Sfnp The couple had 12 children over an 18-year period from 1753 until 1771,Template:Sfnp but only eight lived beyond infancy or childhood.Template:Sfnp Seven went on to musical or theatrical careers: Elizabeth Ann Linley (1754–1792), his eldest daughter, wife of Richard Brinsley Sheridan; his eldest son Thomas Linley the younger (1756–1778), composer and noted violinist; Mary Linley (1758–87), who gave up her career as a singer after she married playwright Richard Tickell in 1780; Samuel Linley (1760–1778), second son, singer and oboe player; Maria Linley (1763–84), singer; Ozias Thurston Linley (1765–1831), minor canon at Norwich and organist at Dulwich; and William Linley, (1771–1835), composer of glees, songs and writer. Another child, Jane Nash (1768–1806), sang in an amateur capacity until her marriage.Template:R/superscript Music historian Charles Burney visited when the children were young and listened to them singing and playing instruments; he described the family as "a Nest of Nightingales".Template:Sfnp

The family were well established in Bath and Linley worked as a music teacher; when Elizabeth was born in 1754 they were living in a house on Abbey Green.Template:Sfnp In the mid-1760s they rented a house with eleven rooms on Orchard Street to accommodate the ever-increasing number of children.Template:Sfnp Linley is likely to have received some financial assistance from his father whose business was flourishing but the family still encountered monetary difficulties.Template:Sfnp Linley's wife was frugalTemplate:R/superscript but "her parsimony grew legendary"Template:R/superscript when she was employed as a wardrobe mistress at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, after the family fortunes had prospered.Template:R/superscript

Linley-Sheridan family

<span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #CC0000;vertical-align:text-top;" title="">  The red border denotes singers and musicians. <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #40E0D0;vertical-align:text-top;" title="">  The turquoise border denotes writers, poets and playwrights. <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #FF8000;vertical-align:text-top;" title="">  The orange border denotes actors.

Career

File:Thomas Gainsborough - Elizabeth and Thomas Linley.jpg

Thomas Gainsborough: Elizabeth and Thomas Linley

File:Gainsborough, Thomas - Samuel Linley - Google Art Project.jpg

Thomas Gainsborough: Samuel Linley

The early years of marriage saw Linley as the sole income producer for the family;Template:Sfnp some of the older children, particularly Elizabeth and Mary, were sent to stay with relatives,Template:Sfnp or perhaps boarding school.Template:Sfnp Linley was a tenor, an organist and harpsichordistTemplate:Sfnp but at that time was generating his income mainly by teaching and his tuition skills were increasingly sought out;Template:Sfnp Frances Sheridan was one of his pupils in 1763,Template:Sfnp although she became better known as a playwright and novelist.Template:R/superscript Another of his pupils was Anna Maria Crouch who later stated she was apprehensive of him.Template:Sfnp Charles Dignum was also trained by Linley.Template:Sfnp

Pupils were contracted to give a proportion of their earnings back to their tutors.Template:Sfnp He coached his children, providing their musical education from an early age.Template:Sfnp The children were put to work at a young age, firstly selling concert tickets then performing; Elizabeth began singing in concerts by the time she was nine years old in 1763.Template:R/superscript Anything earned by the children was commandeered by LinleyTemplate:Sfnp and the talented youngsters quickly became a major source of his income.Template:Sfnp Linley took over the management of the musical performances held at the Assembly rooms in Bath in 1766; he had participated as the harpsichordist from 1755 when the performances were managed by Chilcot.Template:R/superscript The two eldest children, Elizabeth and Thomas, were utilised to sell the tickets for these concerts from 1762.Template:Sfnp

The new Bath Assembly Rooms opened in 1771Template:Sfnp with Linley as Musical Director.Template:R/superscript Linley's regular concerts starring his children were performed in front of full houses and his finances began to prosper.Template:Sfnp The family moved to Royal Crescent, a more fashionable address, raising their social standing.Template:Sfnp The children started to feature in concerts further afield including oratorios in London;Template:R/superscript Linley demanded high fees for them and organisers of a charity concert held to raise funds for the Foundling Hospital had to pay £100Template:Efn for two of his daughters to sing.Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Efn At the time of Elizabeth's marriage to Richard Brinsley Sheridan on 13 April 1773Template:R/superscript estimates appeared in the Bath Chronicle speculating Linley had earned almost £10,000Template:Efn from her performances.Template:R/superscript

An agreement was made with John Christopher Smith and John Stanley for the older children to perform at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in 1773 that saw takings of over £500Template:Efn per night for the oratorios performed during the Lenten season.Template:R/superscript The following year, in 1774, Linley joined Stanley in the management role of directing, writing and organising musical compositions at the theatre.Template:R/superscriptTemplate:Sfnp Two years later, in June 1776, a partnership of his son-in-law, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Doctor James Ford who was a court physicianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Efn and Linley purchased a half share of the theatre for a total of £35,000.Template:Efn Linley re-located his residence to Norfolk Street, London and mortgaged his properties in Bath to raise his £10,000 stake towards the purchase.Template:R/superscript The trio bought the remaining share after another two years paying David GarrickTemplate:R/superscript a similar amount giving them complete ownership.Template:Sfnp The Royal Society of Musicians elected him as a member in 1780.Template:R/superscript

According to musicologist, writer and singer, Mollie Sands,Template:Sfnp Linley was one of the "most famous of English-born [music] teachers".Template:Sfnp As a composer, Linley wrote and arranged some songs and ensembles for The Duenna in 1775; written at the request of Sheridan and in collaboration with Linley junior, the opera was an exceptional success, being performed seventy-five times at Drury Lane – Lord Byron endorsed it as "the best opera ever written".Template:R/superscript An earlier composition, Thomas Hull's The Royal Merchant, performed at Covent Garden in 1767, was noted as a failureTemplate:R/superscript as well as a success.Template:R/superscript An unnamed critic wrote in The London Stage that "The music may be good, but the piece is trifling and childish".Template:R/superscript In 1786 he collaborated with John Burgoyne on the successful Richard Coeur de lion.Template:R/superscript

Death and legacy

Linley died suddenly on 19 November 1795 at his home, 11 Southampton Street in Westminster.Template:R/superscriptTemplate:R/superscript He was survived by his wife, but most of his children had predeceased him at a young age.

External links

• Template:Sister-inline
• Free scores by Thomas Linley the elder at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)