Terêna language

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Terêna or Etelena is an Arawakan language spoken by 15,000 Terenas. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[1] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Terêna has an active–stative syntax[2] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[3]

Dialects

Terêna originally had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[4] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[5] Only Terena proper is still spoken.

Language contact

Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[6] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[7]

There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[8]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
Tap Template:IPA link
Lateral Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
Approximant Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[9]

Vowels

Front Central Back
High Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Low Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.[10]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Aikhenvald 1999
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. Anthropological Linguistics.
  7. ↑ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. "Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco Template:Webarchive." International Journal of American Linguistics 84, no. 2 (April 2018): 243-263. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  8. ↑ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously Template:Webarchive.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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