Tashahhud
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Italic title". The Tashahhud (Template:Langx, meaning "testimony [of faith]"), also known as at-Tahiyyat (Template:Langx), is the portion of the Muslim prayer where the person kneels or sits on the ground facing the qibla (direction of Mecca), glorifies God, and greets Muhammad and the "righteous servants of God" followed by the two testimonials. The recitation is usually followed by an invocation of the blessings and peace upon Muhammad known as Salawat.
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Origins
There is an authentic and reliable hadith that states:[1]
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Ibn Mas'ud is reported to have said that the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) taught me tashahhud taking my hand within his palms, in the same way as he taught me the chapter of the Quran, and we also read it after his passing away.
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Sunni tradition
Hanafi and Hanbali
A version attributed to Abdullah ibn Masud is used by Sunni Muslims from both the Hanafi and the Hanbali schools, as well as the non-Sunni Ibadi Muslims:
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"Salutations to God and prayers and good deeds. Peace be upon you, O Prophet, as well as God's mercy and His blessings. Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of God. I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger."[2]
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Maliki
A version attributed to Umar is used by the Maliki school:
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"Salutations to God. Pureness to God. Good deeds and prayers to God. Peace be upon you, O Prophet, as well as God's mercy and His blessings. Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of God. I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger."[3]
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Shafi'i
A version attributed to Ibn Abbas is used by the Shafi'i school:
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"Blessed salutations, prayers, good deeds to God. Peace be upon you, O Prophet, as well as God's mercy and His blessings. Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of God. I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger."[4]
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Shia tradition
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Jafari
The Twelver Shias of the Ja'fari school recite the Tashahhud as:
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"I bear witness that there is no deity but God, the One, there is no partner to Him, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger. O God, send blessings upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad."[6]
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The Tashahhud is followed by the Salam. The bare minimum is to say "Script error: No such module "lang"." (Template:Langx). It is highly recommended, though, to add "Script error: No such module "lang"." (Template:Langx) .[5]
It is highly recommended, though, to recite in the Salam of the prayer:
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"Peace be upon you, O Prophet, as well as God's mercy and His blessings. Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of God. Peace be upon you all, as well as God's mercy and His blessings."[5]
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Zaidi
For the Zaidi, the middle Tashahhud after the second rakʿah is recited as:
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Bismillahi wa Billahi wa alhamdulillahi wal-asmā`ul-husna kulluhā lillahi. Ashhadu an lā ilāha ila Allāhu wahdahu lā sharīka lahu wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan abduhu wa rasūluhu[7] "In the name of God, and upon God [is reliance]. Praise be to God, and the Beautiful names are all for the Lord. I bear witness that there is no god, but God alone, and without partners. And I bear witness that Muḥammad is His servant and Messenger."
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After the last rakʿah, the Zaidi recite the Tashahhud in its full formula:
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Bismillahi wa Billahi wa alhamdulillahi wal-asmā`ul-husna kulluhā lillahi.[7](Or alternatively: At-tahiyyātu lillāhi was-šalawāt waŧ-ŧayyibātu.) Ashhadu an lā ilāha ila Allāhu wahdahu lā sharīka lahu wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan abduhu wa rasūluhu. Allāhumma salli ‘ala Muhammad wa āli Muhammad. Wa bārik ‘ala Muhammad wa āli Muhammad. Ka mā salayta wa bārakta ‘ala Ibrāhīm wa ‘ala āli Ibrāhīm. Innaka Hamīdun Majīd "In the name of God, and upon God [is reliance]. Praise be to God, and the Beautiful names are all for the Lord. I bear witness that there is no god, but God alone, and without partners. And I bear witness that Muḥammad is His servant and Messenger. O God send Your blessings upon Muḥammad, and the family of Muḥammad. And bless Muḥammad and the family of Muḥammad as You have blessed and sanctified Abraham, and the family of Abraham. You are truly worthy of praise, Full of glory."
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See also
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References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bukhārī, nos 831, 835, 1202, 6230, 6265, 7381.
- ↑ Muwaṭṭa’, recension of Yaḥyā, no 240; recension of Abū Muṣ`ab, no 499; recension of Suwayd al-Hadathānī, no 161; recension of al-Shaybānī, no 146.
- ↑ Muslim, no 403.
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b This aforementioned wording ("Bismillah wa Billahi...") appears in Zaydi books of hadith such as the Musnad of Imam Zayd (as), Amaali of Ahmed bin Isa bin Zayd (as), Sharh at-Tajreed and others, with complete chains of narrators. Its legitimacy and authenticity does not depend on the reports of Sunni narrators. Within the Sunni books of hadith, one will find variant wordings for the tashahhud. As for the Sunni reports that narrate some of the wording of the Zaidi tashahhud, the wording "Bismillah wa Billahi", on the authority of Jabir (ra), appears in Sunan an-Nisa`i and Al-Mustadrak; Imam Hakim authenticated this report. There is another wording, "Bismillahi wa khayr al-Asmaa," narrated from Umar in Al-Mustadrak; Al-Hakim determined that this version is authentic based on the criteria of Muslim. It also appears in the Sunan of al-Bayhaqi. There is also, "Bismillah wa Billahi wa khayr al-Asmaa" narrated from Ibn Zubayr in the Mu'jam al-Kabeer and al-Mu'jam al-Aswat of at-Tabaraani.
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External links
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