Tapellaria

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Tapellaria is a genus of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae.[1] These lichens form thin, paint-like crusts on their host surfaces and are found mainly in tropical regions of the Americas, with about twenty known species. The genus was first proposed in 1890 by the lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis. Tapellaria lichens reproduce both sexually through small black disc-shaped structures and asexually through distinctive hood-shaped outgrowths that release thread-like spores.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1890, with Tapellaria herpetospora assigned as the type species.[2] The combination of a chlorococcoid Template:Lichengloss, black Template:Lichengloss apothecia, Pilocarpaceae-type asci, muriform or transversely septate spores, and—most decisively—the hood-shaped Template:Lichengloss with multi-septate thread-like conidia sets Tapellaria apart from superficially similar foliicolous genera such as Badimiella and Kantvilasia.[3]

Description

Tapellaria forms a thin, paint-like crust (a crustose thallus) that sits flush against its leaf or bark substrate and never develops an outer skin (it is Template:Lichengloss). A separate Template:Lichengloss—an early growth fringe visible in some lichens—is absent. Microscopic examination reveals a partner alga with spherical green cells 6–18 μm across; these Template:Lichengloss cells supply the lichen's photosynthetic energy.[3]

The sexual reproductive bodies are small, black apothecia that rest on the thallus surface, pinched slightly at the base. Their flattened Template:Lichengloss remain plane for most of their life and may carry a faint grey or white dusting (Template:Lichengloss). Surrounding each disc is a low rim (the Template:Lichengloss) that is the same colour as the disc itself; in cross-section it resembles a shallow cup whose walls are built from dark-pigmented, brick-like cells. Inside, the clear (hyaline) hymenium stains blue with iodine (KI+), indicating the presence of starch-like compounds, and remains firmly gelatinous when treated with potassium hydroxide solution. Slender threads called paraphyses weave through this layer, repeatedly branching and re-joining without swollen tips.[3]

The asci are broad and club-shaped and conform to the Pilocarpaceae type: their walls stain a vivid blue in iodine, and the upper cap (Template:Lichengloss) is thickened and deeply amyloid, pierced by a narrow axial column. Each ascus contains one to eight colourless ascospores, either with several cross-walls (transversely septate) or with both cross- and longitudinal walls forming a brick-like (Template:Lichengloss) pattern; the spores are ellipsoid to cylindrical and lack any gelatinous envelope.[3]

Asexual propagation occurs in distinctive, hood-shaped outgrowths called Template:Lichengloss. These tiny, erect structures sport in-rolled flaps that protect the spore-producing surface. They release long, thread-like (Template:Lichengloss) conidia divided by three to seven septa; the spores are often slightly curved and may detach with small algal cells attached, allowing the lichen to disperse as a ready-made symbiotic unit. No characteristic secondary metabolites have been detected in the genus.[3]

Ecology

Ecologically, Tapellaria is almost entirely tropical, with about twenty recognised species centred in the Neotropics, and most species grow directly on living leaves (foliicolous).[3]

Species

  • Tapellaria albomarginata Lücking (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
  • Tapellaria bilimbioides R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Tapellaria corticola Kalb & Vězda (1987)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
  • Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
  • Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • Tapellaria gilva Zahlbr. (1911)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • Tapellaria herpetospora Müll.Arg. (1890)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
  • Tapellaria intermedia Flakus & Lücking (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] – Bolivia
  • Tapellaria isidiata Kalb & Aptroot (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9] – Cameroon
  • Tapellaria leonorae M.Cáceres & Lücking (2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10] – Brazil
  • Tapellaria major (Lücking) Lücking (1999)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
  • Tapellaria malmei R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Tapellaria marcellae Lücking (1999)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] – Ecuador
  • Tapellaria moelleri (Henriq. ex Nyl.) R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
  • Tapellaria nana (Fée) R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Tapellaria nigrata (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Tapellaria palaeotropica G.Neuwirth & Stock.-Wörg. (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13]
  • Tapellaria parvimuriformis W.C.Wang & J.C.Wei (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] – Thailand
  • Tapellaria phyllophila (Stirt.) R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
  • Tapellaria puiggarii (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Tapellaria samoana Zahlbr. (1907)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Tapellaria saxicola Vězda & Poelt (1988)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15]
  • Tapellaria schindleri Kalb & Vězda (1987)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
  • Tapellaria similis Kalb (1992)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]

References

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Cited literature

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