Tantulocarida
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Tantulocarida is a highly specialised group of parasitic crustaceans that consists of about 33 species, treated as a class in superclass Multicrustacea. They are typically ectoparasites that infest copepods, isopods, tanaids, amphipods and ostracods.[1][2]
Description
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In the Tantulocarida, animals do not ever present eyes.[3]
The tantulus larvae has a head with a ventral oral disc but no appendages, a six-segmented thorax with six pairs of legs, and a limbless abdomen consisting of one to six segments in addition to a telson.[4] The larvae also possesses a cuticular stylet on the cephalon through which they can push a rootlet system for extraction of nutrients from a host. The rootlet system itself is a direct extension of the gut.[5]
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Members of this subclass are minute – less than Script error: No such module "convert". in length and have a dramatic reduction in body form compared to other crustaceans, with an unsegmented, sac-like thorax and a much reduced abdomen.[6] One tantulocarid species, Tantulacus dieteri, is the world's smallest arthropod, with a total body length of only Script error: No such module "convert"..[7]
Life cycle
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The tantulocarid life cycle is unique among crustaceans. The tantulus larva transforms directly from a non-feeding (lecithotrophic) and free-swimming organism into a parasite without any instars. When entering the parasitic stage much of the body, such as the muscles, degenerates, even if the body itself becomes bigger. As a parasite it is permanently attached to its host, and after piercing its host's cuticle with an unpaired stylet, a rootlet system used to absorb nutrients enters through the hole and grow into the host's tissue. The adult form develops inside the larva, and can become either a sac-like parthenogenetic female, or a fully developed free-living, non-feeding and sexually-reproducing male or female.[8][9][10][11][12] The eggs inside the parthenogenetic female are eventually released as fully developed tantulus larvae. The finding of what appears to be a benthic non-feeding nauplius larva suggests that eggs produced by sexual females hatch as nauplii instead of tantulus larvae. Both the parthenogenetic and sexual females are semelparous.[13]
Classification
Five families are recognised:[14]
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Basipodellidae Boxshall & Lincoln, 1983:[15]
Doryphallophoridae Huys, 1991:[16]
Microdajidae Boxshall & Lincoln, 1987:[17]
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Cumoniscidae Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1923 (formerly family Deoterthridae:[18]
Onceroxenidae Huys, 1991:[19]
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References
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- ↑ Multicellular Animals: Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa
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- ↑ Itoitantulus misophricola gen. et sp. nov.: First Record of Tantulocarida (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) in the North Pacific Region
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- ↑ Anatomy of the Tantulocarida: first results obtained using TEM and CLSM. Part I: tantulus larva - GfBS
- ↑ Atlas of Crustacean Larvae
- ↑ Template:BioRef
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- ↑ Template:BioRef
- ↑ Template:Cite WoRMS
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External links
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