Tanker war

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Template:Pp Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Oxford spelling Script error: No such module "Infobox military conflict".

The tanker war, part of the larger Iran–Iraq War, was a series of military attacks by Iran and Iraq against merchant vessels in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz from 1981 to 1988. Iraq was responsible for 283 attacks while Iran accounted for 168.[1]

History

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Iran-Iraq war began in September 1980.[1] Before 1984, attacks against shipping had occurred, albeit on a much smaller scale.Template:Sfn In December 1980, UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim appealed to Iran and Iraq to ensure the security of peaceful shipping in the Persian Gulf.Template:Sfn At that time, Iran assured other countries that it would keep the Strait of Hormuz open.Template:Sfn

In his 1988 review paper naval affairs analyst Ronald O'Rouke wrote that "Iran trapped or destroyed many Iraqi ships in port in the early stages of the war. But Iraq started the tanker war in the Gulf proper in 1981 by initiating attacks on ships steaming to or from Iranian ports at the extreme northern end of the Gulf. Iraq continued these attacks into 1984 without a parallel Iranian response at sea. In March of that year, however, Iraq increased the rate of its attacks and expanded their geographic scope by attacking ships serving more southerly Iranian points, particularly the oil-loading complex at Kharg Island. Two months later, Iran initiated its own attacks, and the tanker war became a two-way affair."[1]

Iraq broadened the tanker war in 1984[2] by attacking the oil terminal and oil tankers at Kharg Island.[3] Iraq's aim in attacking Iranian shipping was to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the Strait of Hormuz to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing about foreign intervention against Iran; the United States had threatened several times to intervene if the Strait of Hormuz were closed.[3] Kuwait and Saudi Arabia supported Iraq against Iran. The United States intervened in the conflict in 1986 to protect Kuwaiti tankers, and engaged in a confrontation with Iran.[4]

Both sides had declared an "exclusion zone", meaning areas in which they had warned ships from entering. Iraq declared the area around Iran's Kharg Island to be an exclusion zone.Template:Sfn Kharg Island hosted Iran's principal oil shipment port.[5] Iraq gave precise definition, in coordinates, of this exclusion zone and gave advance notification to all countries.Template:Sfn However, Iraq did not designate any safe passage routes in this zone.Template:Sfn

Iran declared all waters within 40 miles of its coast to be its exclusion zone. It instructed ships headed for non-Iranian ports to sail west of this line.[5] While Iran also did not designate any safe passages in its exclusion zone, this was unnecessary. Iran's exclusion zone allowed for ships to enter and exit the Gulf, and essentially only kept such foreign ships out of its own waters.Template:Sfn

Iran's exclusion zone made it easier for Iraq to target Iranian ships. It allowed Iraq to assume that any ship in Iran's territorial waters must be going to (or coming from) an Iranian port.Template:Sfn

War studies scholar Stephen Phillips writes that "In January 1987, the Kuwaiti government proposed a clever scheme to deter Iranian attacks against their shipping. They asked the United States if they could reflag Kuwaiti tankers as American and receive the protection of the U.S. Navy. The administration of President Ronald Reagan debated this idea but finally agreed to it on March 7, 1987."[6] These are known to O'Rourke as "reflagged Kuwaiti ships".

On 17 May 1987, 37 US sailors were killed by an Iraqi attack on the USS Stark.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, was adopted unanimously on 20 July 1987, which engendered Operation Earnest Will (24 July 1987 – 26 September 1988), a successful US effort to protect Kuwaiti merchandise and vessel, because as noted by O'Rourke: "Aside from Iranian shipping, the most frequent victims have been ships steaming under the world's predominant flags of convenience."[1] Western-led convoy tactics with armed guard vessels were used for protection in the latter stages of the Tanker War.[1] In 1987 the use of towed, radar-deflecting decoys and other passive countermeasures was successfully initiated.[1]

In total, well over 100 sailors were killed and a similar number wounded.[1] More than 30 million tons of cargo was damaged from 1981 through 1987.[1] It is in this conflict that in 1987 Iran perfected the art of speedboat attacks, and concentrated "their fire on the crew compartments of their target ships."[1] Iran also used Chinese-made shore-based Silkworm missiles to good effect.[1]

Flag Attacks sustained[1][7]
Liberia 61
Iran 46
Panama 41
Cyprus 39
Greece 26
Malta 9
Kuwait 8
KSA 8
Turkey 7
Norway 7
Singapore 6
UK 6
Japan 6
South Korea 5
FRG 5

List of attacks

1984

Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1984-03-01 Charming Template:Country data United Kingdom Un­known Iraqi missile Template:D-W [8][9]
1984-03-01(?) Sema-G Template:Country data Turkey Un­known Iraqi missile Template:D-W [8][10]
1984-03-04 APJ Ambika Template:Country data India 16000 Iraqi missile Template:Lost [8][11]
1984-03-29 Iran Dahr Template:Country data Iran 12257/71 Iraqi missile damaged [12]
1984-05-27 Savoy Dean Template:Country data Liberia 19291/68 Iraqi missile Template:D-A [12]
1984-06-03 Büyük Hun Template:Country data Turkey 80683/77 Iraqi missiles severe damage [12]
1984-06-03 Giant Kirn Template:Country data Panama 32107/71 Unidentified missile Template:D-W [13]
1984-06-06 Dashaki Template:Country data Liberia 19291/68 Iraqi missile severe damage [12]
1984-06-10 Kazimah Template:Country data Kuwait 160010/82 Unidentified a/c severe damage [12]
1984-06-24 Alexander the Great Template:Country data Greece 152372/73 Iraqi Exocet missile severe damage [12]
1984-06-27 Tiburón Template:Country data Liberia 125389/73 Iraqi missile severe damage [12]
1984-07-01 Al Kabeer Template:Country data Panama 16575/65 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [12]
1984-07-01 Sitia Venture Template:Country data Panama 15991/66 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [12]
1984-07-01 Alexandra Dyo Template:Country data Cyprus 13316/69 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [12]
1984-07-02 Won Jin Template:Country data South Korea 6164/74 Iraqi missiles severe damage [12]
1984-07-05 Primrose Template:Country data Liberia 122203/76 Unidentified missiles Template:D-A [12]
1984-07-10 British Renown Template:Country data United Kingdom 122203/76 Iranian a/c Template:D-A [12]
1984-08-18 Endeavour Template:Country data Panama 47310/76 Unidentified missile Template:D-W [13]
1984-08-24 Amethyst Template:Country data Cyprus 31280/63 Unidentified missile Template:D-W [13]
1984-08-27 Cleo 1 Template:Country data Panama 20880/59 Unidentified missile Template:D-W [13]
1984-09-11 St. Tobias Template:Country data Liberia 115025/71 Unidentified missile Template:D-A [13]
1984-09-12 Good Wind Template:Country data Panama 11525/70 Iraqi missile Template:D-W [13]
1984-09-16 Med Heron Template:Country data Liberia 60655/77 Unidentified missile Un­known [13]
1984-09-16 Royal Colombo Template:Country data South Korea 74474/75 Unidentified missile Un­known [13]
1984-10-08 World Knight Template:Country data Liberia 114573/75 Iraqi missile severe damageTemplate:Efn [13][14]
1984-10-11 Jag Pari Template:Country data India 20991/82 Iranian (?) bomb Template:D-A [13][14]
1984-10-12 Gaz Fountain Template:Country data Panama 23796/69 Unidentified missile Template:D-W [13][15]
1984-10-15 Sivand Template:Country data Iran 108721/71 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [13][16]

1985

Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1985-11-05 Canaria Template:Country data Spain 151225 Iraqi Exocet missile severe damageTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn [17]

1986

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

1987

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1987-07-24 SS Bridgeton Template:Country data United States Iranian mine damaged
1987-08-10 Texaco Caribbean Template:Country data Panama Iranian mine damaged Template:Sfn[18][19][20]
1987-08-15 Anita Iranian mine Template:Lost Template:Sfn[21][22]
1987-08-30 Sanandaj Template:Country data Iran 129770/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [23]
1987-09-01 Astro Pegasus Template:Country data South Korea 42510/75 Iranian w/s g/f damaged [23]
1987-09-01 Bigorange XIV Template:Country data Panama 197/56 Iraqi a/c Template:Lost [23]
1987-09-01 Munguia Template:Country data Spain 140277/77 Iranian PG Template:D-W [23]
1987-09-01 Star Ray Template:Country data Cyprus 99011/70 Iraqi missile damaged [23]
1987-09-02 Nisshin Maru Template:Country data Japan 103099/80 Iranian PG damaged [23]
1987-09-02 Dafni Template:Country data Greece 48473/57 Iranian boats Template:D-W [23]
1987-09-02 Diamond Marine Template:Country data Liberia 101416/74 Iranian boats Template:Partial failure [23]
1987-09-02 Jolly Rubino Template:Country data Italy 19418/78 Iranian boats Template:D-A [23]
1987-09-02 Leonidas Glory Template:Country data Cyprus 3717/73 Iranian boats Template:D-A [23]
1987-09-09 Haven Template:Country data Cyprus 109700/73 Iranian PG damaged [23]
1987-09-20 Khark 2 Template:Country data Iran 137895/70 Iraqi a/c damaged [23]
1987-09-20 Petroship B Template:Country data Saudi Arabia 25614/75 Iranian PG Template:D-A [23]
1987-09-20 Shirvan Template:Country data Iran 41439/79 Iraqi a/c damaged [23]
1987-09-21 Gentle Breeze Template:Country data British Hong Kong 57462/70 Iranian PG severe damage [23]
1987-09-21 Marissa I Template:Country data Panama 181/69 Iranian mine Template:Lost [23]
1987-09-27 Coral Cape Template:Country data Cyprus 112825/74 Iraqi missile (2) damaged [23]
1987-09-27 Iran Sepah Template:Country data Iran 19702/76 Iraqi a/c damaged [23]
1987-09-27 Merlin Template:Country data Cyprus 110037/71 Iraqi missile (2) damaged [23]
1987-09-27 Shirvan Template:Country data Iran 41439/79 Iraqi missile damaged [23]
1987-09-29 Khark Template:Country data Iran 127453/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [23]
1987-09-29 Koriana Template:Country data Greece 38629/85 Iranian w/s Template:D-A [23]
1987-09-30 Western City Template:Country data Liberia 105803/75 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [23]
1987-10-01 Nichiharu Maru Template:Country data Japan 120694/73 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [23]
1987-10-01 Johar Template:Country data Pakistan 49635/76 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [23]
1987-10-01 Shenton Bluff Template:Country data Australia 150/79 Iraqi missile severe damage [23]
1987-10-02 Felicity Template:Country data Cyprus 53226/68 Iraqi missile Template:D-W [23]
1987-10-02 Spic Emerald Template:Country data India 11712/83 Iranian PG Template:D-W [23]
1987-10-05 Brazil Star Template:Country data Panama 77294/72 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [23]
1987-10-05 Seawise Giant Template:Country data Liberia 238558/76 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [23]
1987-10-05 Shining Star Template:Country data Cyprus 128929/71 Iraqi missile severe damage [23]
1987-10-05 World Admiral Template:Country data Liberia 106673/74 Iraqi missile Template:D-A [23]
1987-10-08 Tomoe 8 Template:Country data Panama 5267/86 Iranian PG Template:D-W [23]
1987-10-10 Rova Template:Country data Liberia 105286/75 Iraqi missiles severe damage [23]
1987-10-12 Marianthi M. Template:Country data Panama 13006/65 Iraqi missile damaged [23]
1987-10-13 Atlantic Peace Template:Country data Liberia 43943/83 Iranian PG g/f Template:D-A [23]
1987-10-14 Pegasus I Template:Country data Liberia 104918/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [23]
1987-10-15 Sungari Template:Country data Liberia 124085/75 Iranian missile Template:D-W [23]
1987-10-16 Sea Isle City Template:Country data United States 55454/81 Iranian missile moderate damage [23]
1987-10-23 Prosperventure L. Template:Country data Panama 27333/87 Iranian PG Template:D-W [23]
1987-11-04 Taftan Template:Country data Iran 141883/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [24]
1987-11-06 Grand Wisdom Template:Country data Panama 51121/76 Iranian w/s Template:D-A [24]
1987-11-11 Fortuneship L. Template:Country data Greece 118216/75 Iraqi GM (3) damaged [24]
1987-11-11 Liquid Bulk Explorer Template:Country data Panama 7060/72 Iranian PG Template:D-A [24]
1987-11-12 YousefTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Iran 584/84 Iraqi a/c hit [24]
1987-11-13 SalvitalTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Singapore 742/76 Iraqi GM severe damage [24]
1987-11-15 Lucy Template:Country data Liberia 36512/86 Iranian PG damaged [24]
1987-11-16 Esso Freeport Template:Country data Bahamas 122967/74 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [24]
1987-11-16 Filikon L. Template:Country data Greece 41330/76 Iranian PGs moderate damage [24]
1987-11-19 SalvenusTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Singapore 699/78 Iraqi GMs severe damage [24]
1987-11-20 Tabriz Template:Country data Iran 41440/80 Iraqi a/c damaged [24]
1987-11-22 Andromeda Template:Country data Greece 38627/84 Iranian PG damaged [24]
1987-11-23 Fundulea Template:Country data Romania 6253/80 Iranian PGs damaged [24]
1987-11-23 Uni-Master Template:Country data Panama 11648/77 Iranian w/s Template:D-A [24]
1987-11-26 Umm al Jathathel Template:Country data Kuwait 47169/83 Iranian w/s Un­known [24]
1987-11-29 Khark 4 Template:Country data Iran 127450/73 Iraqi a/c moderate damage [24]
1987-12-02 Anax Template:Country data Cyprus 122936/72 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [24]
1987-12-04 Actinia Template:Country data Cyprus 109567/75 Iraqi a/c severe damage [24]
1987-12-06 Estelle Mærsk Template:Country data Denmark 28010/87 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [24]
1987-12-06 Norman Atlantic Template:Country data Singapore 42093/73 Iranian PGs Template:Lost [24]
1987-12-08 Alamoot Template:Country data Iran 163173/77 Iraqi a/c severe damage [24]
1987-12-09 Susangird Template:Country data Iran 111287/73 Iraqi a/c severe damage [24]
1987-12-11 Tharaleos Template:Country data Greece 51372/69 Iranian FF Template:D-A [24]
1987-12-12 Pivot Template:Country data Cyprus 109700/75 Iranian FF damaged [24]
1987-12-15 Mimi M. Template:Country data Cyprus 16246/74 Iraqi a/c severe damage [24]
1987-12-16 Taftan Template:Country data Iran 141883/73 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [24]
1987-12-16 World Produce Template:Country data Greece 17277/84 Iranian PG moderate damage [24]
1987-12-17 Island Transporter Template:Country data Maldives 9714/68 Iranian PGs damaged [24]
1987-12-18 Free Enterprise Template:Country data Malta 113780/72 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-18 Happy Kari Template:Country data Norway 140227/74 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-18 Saudi Splendour Template:Country data Liberia 125394/75 Iranian PG moderate damage [24]
1987-12-19 Karama Mærsk Template:Country data Denmark 167728/77 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [24]
1987-12-22 British Respect Template:Country data Gibraltar 136601/74 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-22 Burmah Enterprise Template:Country data Bermuda 231629/78 Iraqi a/c severe damage [24]
1987-12-22 Seawise Giant Template:Country data Liberia 238558/76 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-22 World Petrobras Template:Country data Liberia 193778/77 Iraqi a/c damaged [24]
1987-12-22 Stena Concordia Template:Country data Liberia 122199/73 Iranian FF damaged [24]
1987-12-23 Berge Big Template:Country data Norway 136364/75 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-25 Hyundai No. 7 Template:Country data South Korea 11686/78 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-25 Nejmat el Petrol Template:Country data Saudi Arabia 12964/64 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-27 Stilikon Template:Country data Panama 96747/64 Iraqi GM Template:D-W [24]
1987-12-31 Iran Sedaghat Template:Country data Iran 4474/71 Iraqi a/c decoy [24]

1988

1988-01-01 to 1988-03-27
Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1988-01-01 Alga Template:Country data Malta 16134/72 Iraqi GM Template:D-A [24]
1988-01-10 Khark 3 Template:Country data Iran 137895/71 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [24]
1988-01-12 United Venture Template:Country data Cyprus 13161/69 Iranian GM severe damage [24]
1988-01-14 Petrobulk Pioneer Template:Country data Liberia 20446/80 Iranian w/s damaged aft [24]
1988-01-15 Atlantic Charisma Template:Country data Liberia 23127/87 Iranian w/s damaged [24]
1988-01-15 Igloo Espoo Template:Country data Norway 10105/85 Iranian PGs damaged [24]
1988-01-16 Rainbow Template:Country data Liberia 7589/82 Iranian PGs severe damage [24]
1988-01-22 HavpilTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Singapore 10977/69 Iranian PG Template:D-A [24]
1988-01-22 Topaz Template:Country data Panama 85690/76 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [24]
1988-01-22 Torm Rottina Template:Country data Denmark 20036/76 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [25]
1988-01-27 Coral Cape Template:Country data Cyprus 112825/74 Iraqi imissile damaged [25]
1988-01-29 Khark Template:Country data Iran 116404/75 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [25]
1988-01-29 Khark 5 Template:Country data Iran 138394/75 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [25]
1988-01-30 MareTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Panama 9111/72 Iranian PGs Template:Lost [25]
1988-02-03 Makran Template:Country data Iran 16000/74 Iraqi missile Template:D-W [25]
1988-02-03 Petrobulk Ruler Template:Country data Norway 20505/75 Iranian PG damaged [25]
1988-02-05 Tavistock Template:Country data Panama 87464/71 Iranian PGs damaged [25]
1988-02-07 Khark 5 Template:Country data Iran 138394/75 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [25]
1988-02-07 Diane Template:Country data Liberia 38241/87 Iranian FF Template:D-W [25]
1988-02-09 Shir Kooh Template:Country data Iran 140465/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [25]
1988-02-09 Veronique Template:Country data Liberia 38795/76 Iranian FF damaged aft [25]
1988-02-11 Happy Kari Template:Country data Norway 38795/76 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [25]
1988-02-12 Kate MærskTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Denmark 167207/76 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [25]
1988-02-15 Soleiman Template:Country data Iran 1019/84 Iraqi a/c severe damage [25]
1988-03-08 Tenacity Template:Country data Malta 41195/65 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-15 Trade Fortitude Template:Country data Liberia 113950/72 Iraqi a/c damaged [25]
1988-03-18 Berge Lord Template:Country data Norway 138008/73 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-18 Kyrnicos Template:Country data Cyprus 41922/67 Iraqi a/c moderate damage [25]
1988-03-18 Maria 2 Template:Country data Panama 22845/80 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [25]
1988-03-18 Neptune Subaru Template:Country data Singapore 22845/80 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-19 Avaj Template:Country data Iran 162028/75 Iraqi a/c severe damage [25]
1988-03-19 Sanandaj Template:Country data Iran 129770/73 Iraqi a/c severe damage [25]
1988-03-20 Atlantic Peace Template:Country data Liberia 43943/83 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-21 Fumi Template:Country data Liberia 36674/84 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [25]
1988-03-21 Iberian Reefer Template:Country data Spain 7949/85 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-22 Havglimt Template:Country data Singapore 28941/78 Iranian w/s Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-22 Stavros G.L. Template:Country data Greece 163810/76 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [25]
1988-03-23 Odysseas H. Template:Country data Cyprus 18876/72 Iranian PGs severe damageTemplate:Efn [25]
1988-03-27 Jainarayan Vyas Template:Country data India 15035/75 Iranian PGs moderate damage [25]
1988-03-28 to 1988-08-04
Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1988-03-28 Karama Mærsk Template:Country data Denmark 167728/77 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-28 Golar Kansai Template:Country data Liberia 98905/72 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [25]
1988-03-30 Anax Template:Country data Cyprus 122936/72 Iraqi a/c disabled [25]
1988-03-31 Haven Template:Country data Cyprus 109700/73 Iraqi FF Template:D-W [25]
1988-04-12 Sagheera Template:Country data Saudi Arabia 20817/81 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [26]
1988-04-18 Omnium Pride Template:Country data Cyprus 13858/71 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [26]
1988-04-18 Willi Tide Template:Country data United States 283/79 Iran Template:D-A [26]
1988-04-18 York Marine Template:Country data British Hong Kong 60814/75 Iranian w/s Template:D-W [26]
1988-04-19 Fal V Template:Country data United Arab Emirates 7214/72 Iranian PGs damaged [26]
1988-04-24 Sea Trader Template:Country data Liberia 19482/76 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [26]
1988-05-11 Khark Template:Country data Iran 116404/75 Iraqi a/c damaged [26]
1988-05-11 Iran Nahad Template:Country data Iran 11205/70 Iraqi a/c severe damage [26]
1988-05-12 Sea SapphireTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Panama 11205/70 Iraqi a/c severe damage [26]
1988-05-14 Argosy Template:Country data Cyprus 71080/70 Iraqi a/c severe damage [26]
1988-05-14 Barcelona Template:Country data Spain 122770/72 Iraqi a/c severe damage [26]
1988-05-14 BeaufortTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Belgium 475/78 Iraqi a/c severe damage [26]
1988-05-14 SafirTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Belgium 475/78 Iraqi a/c severe damage [26]
1988-05-14 Scan PartnerTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Panama 499/79 Iraqi a/c Template:Lost [26]
1988-05-14 Seawise Giant Template:Country data Liberia 238558/79 Iraqi a/c severe damage [26]
1988-05-14 Burmah Endeavour Template:Country data Bahamas 231269/77 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [26]
1988-05-16 Bisoton Template:Country data Iran 112445/72 Iraqi a/c Template:D-A [26]
1988-05-18 Ace Chemi Template:Country data Panama 112445/72 Iranian PGs Template:D-W [26]
1988-05-19 Barge Strand Template:Country data Norway 43849/82 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [26]
1988-05-26 Mundogas Rio Template:Country data Liberia 12251/67 Iranian PGs damaged [26]
1988-05-26 Don Miguel Template:Country data Malta 10526/76 Iranian PGs damaged [26]
1988-06-04 Shoush Template:Country data Iran 113788/72 Iraqi a/c Un­known [26]
1988-06-09 SalverveTemplate:Efn Template:Country data Singapore 742/76 Iraqi a/c damaged [26]
1988-06-11 Dhaulagiri Template:Country data West Germany 7895/82 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [26]
1988-06-11 Esso Demetia Template:Country data United Kingdom 125293/73 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [26]
1988-06-11 Iran Fallahi Template:Country data Iran 17716/72 Iraq a/c Un­known [26]
1988-06-14 Neptune Subaru Template:Country data Singapore 51894/86 Iranian PGs moderate damage [26]
1988-07-01 Khark 4 Template:Country data Iran 127450/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [26]
1988-07-01 Fortuneship L Template:Country data Greece 118216/75 Iraqi a/c damaged [26]
1988-07-03 Berge Strand Template:Country data Norway 43849/82 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [26]
1988-07-07 Fellowship L Template:Country data Greece 118215/74 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [26]
1988-07-08 Star Ray Template:Country data Cyprus 107432/70 Iraqi a/c Template:D-W [26]
1988-07-12 Universal Monarch Template:Country data Panama 40840/81 Iranian PGs damaged [26]
1988-07-15 Sea Victory Template:Country data Liberia 43456/69 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [26]
1988-08-04 Berge Lord Template:Country data Norway 138008/73 Iranian PGs Template:D-A [26]

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

Sources

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Further reading

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  23. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
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  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
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