List of Chinese monarchs
The Chinese monarchs were the rulers of China during Ancient and Imperial periods.Template:Efn The earliest rulers in traditional Chinese historiography are of mythological origin, and followed by the Xia dynasty of highly uncertain and contested historicity. During the subsequent Shang (Template:Circa) and Zhou (1046–256 BCE) dynasties, rulers were referred to as Wang Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning king.Template:Sfn China was fully united for the first time by Qin Shi Huang (Template:Reign259–210 BCE), who established the first Imperial dynasty, adopting the title Huangdi (Script error: No such module "Lang".), meaning Emperor, which remained in use until the Imperial system's fall in 1912.Template:Sfn
At no point during Ancient or Imperial China was there a formalized means to confer legitimate succession between rulers.Template:Sfn From the Zhou dynasty onwards, monarchs justified their reigns by claiming the Mandate of Heaven (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Tiānmìng).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The mandate held that a ruler and their successors had permission from the heavens to rule as long as they did so effectively.Template:Sfn It also declared a ruler the Son of Heaven (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Tiānzǐ), giving them the right to rule "all under heaven" (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Tiānxià).Template:Sfn Given the Mandate's subjective nature, rulers also utilized a variety of methods to retain support and justify their accession.Template:Sfn This ranged from military enforcement, political patronage, establishing peace and solidity, institutional reform, and historical revisionism to legitimize the dissolution of previous dynasties and their own succession.Template:Sfn For most of Imperial China, the wuxing (Script error: No such module "Lang".; "Five Elements") philosophical scheme was also central to justify dynastic succession.Template:Sfn
Most Chinese monarchs had many names. They were given a personal name (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Míngzi) at birth, but later referred to by a posthumous name (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Shìhào)—which memorialized their accomplishments or character—due to a cultural naming taboo.Template:Sfn Most emperors of the Imperial period also received a temple name (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Miàohào), used to venerate them in ancestor worship.Template:Sfn From the rule of Emperor Wu of Han (Template:Reign141–87 BCE) onwards,Template:Efn emperors also adopted one or several era names (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Niánhào), or "reign mottos",Template:Sfn to divide their rule by important events or accomplishments.Template:Sfn Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) rulers are referred to solely by their era names, of which they only had one.Template:Sfn
Apart from ethnic Han rulers, China was also ruled by various non-Han monarchs, including Jurchen, Khitan, Manchu, Mongol and Tangut and many others.Template:Sfn To justify their reign, non-Han rulers sometimes aligned themselves with the Confucian sages or the Chakravarti of Chinese Buddhism.Template:Sfn There are numerous lengthy periods where many competing kingdoms claimed the throne, many of whose legitimacy are still debated by scholars.Template:Sfn
Ancient China
Mythological rulers
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
In traditional Chinese historiography, various models of mythological founding rulers exist.Template:Sfn The relevancy of these figures to the earliest Chinese people is unknown, since most accounts of them were written from the Warring States period (Template:Circa BCE) onwards.Template:Sfnm The sinologist Kwang-chih Chang has generalized the typical stages: "the first period was populated by gods, the second by demigods/culture hero, and the third by the legendary kings."Template:Sfn The primordial god Pangu is given by many texts as the earliest figure and is credited with forming the world by separating heaven and earth.Template:Sfnm Other gods include Nüwa, who repaired heaven; Hou Yi, a mythical archer; and Gonggong, a serpent-like water deity.Template:Sfn
Demigod and hero rulers from hero myths—the largest group Chinese myths—are attributed the invention of specific items, practices or traditions.Template:Sfn Among the more important of them are Fuxi, the inventor of hunting; Suiren, who invented fire; and Shennong, who invented both agriculture and medicine.Template:Sfn The subsequent legendary kings began with the Yellow Emperor (Script error: No such module "Lang".), known as Huangdi, a major culture hero of Chinese civilization whose reign was considered exemplary.Template:Sfn Succeeding rulers include some combination of Shaohao, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun.Template:Sfn Since the late Warring States onwards, early Chinese monarchs have traditionally been ground into the concept of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors;Template:Sfn however, the chosen figures of this grouping varies considerably between sources.Template:Sfn Generally, most accounts include at least Fuxi and Shennong among the Three Sovereigns as well as the Yellow Emperor, Yao and Shun among the Five Emperors.Template:Sfn
Xia dynasty
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period was followed by the Xia dynasty in traditional historiography.Template:Sfn Founded by Yu the Great, both the dynasty and its rulers are of highly uncertain and controversial historicity.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
| Name | Speculative reign lengthTemplate:Efn | Traditional succession | CapitalTemplate:Sfn | Purported life details | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZTW | TradTemplate:Sfn | ||||
| Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
45 | 7 | Chosen by the mythical Emperor Shun | Ji | Awarded the throne after his institution of flood control. He is often known as "Yu the Great" and his passing of the throne to his son marked the beginning of China's hereditary successionTemplate:Sfnm |
| Qi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
10 | 8 | Son of Yu | Xiayi | Prevented a rebellion led by his son WuguanTemplate:Sfnm |
| (Tai) Kang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
29 | 28 | Son of Qi | Zhenxun | Traditionally considered an ineffective king, either due to tyranny or incompetence. May have been briefly dethroned by the mythical hero Han Zhuo and later murdered by Han's son AoTemplate:Sfnm |
| (Zhong) Kang (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
13 | 13 | Son of Qi | Zhenxun | May not have ruled as his existence is sometimes absent from Xia king listsTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xiang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 | 28 | Son of (Zhong) Kang | Shang, then Zhenxun | Killed by a son of Han ZhuoTemplate:Sfnm |
| Interregnum, ruled by Han Zhuo | |||||
| (Shao) Kang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
21 | 21 | Son of Xiang | Yuan | Restored the dynasty after killing Han Zhuo and his sonsTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
17 | 16 | Son of (Shao) Kang | Yuan, then Laoqiu | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfnm |
| Huai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
26 | 25 | Son of Zhu | – | Little is known of his reign; may have ruled up to 40 yearsTemplate:Sfn |
| Mang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 | 17 | Son of Huai | – | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn |
| Xie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 | 15 | Son of Mang | – | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfnm |
| (Bu) Jiang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
59 | 58 | Son of Xie | – | Little is known of his reign; campaigned against the northwestern Template:Ill peoplesTemplate:Sfn |
| Jiong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
21 | 20 | Son of Xie | – | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn |
| Jin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
21 | 20 | Son of Jiong | Xihe | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn |
| Kong Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
31 | 30 | Son of (Bu) Jiang | Xihe | His reign inaugurated the Xia's gradual declineTemplate:Sfn |
| Gao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 | 10 | Son of Kong Jia | – | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn |
| Fa Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 | 20? | Son of Gao | – | May have only reigned 7 years. His reign saw the earliest recorded earthquake, identified with the Mount Tai earthquake.Template:Sfn |
| Jie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
52 | 52 | Son of Fa | Zhenxun, then Henan | Traditionally considered a cruel and oppressive ruler. Fled the empire after losing the Battle of Mingtiao to the state of ShangTemplate:Sfnm |
Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Unlike the Xia, the Shang dynasty's historicity is firmly established, due to written records on divination objects known as Oracle bones. The oldest such oracle bones date to the Late Shang (Template:Circa), during the reign of Wu Ding (1250–1192), putting the exact details of earlier rulers into doubt.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
| Posthumous nameTemplate:Sfn | Personal nameTemplate:Sfn | Tentative reign (BCE)Template:Efn | Traditional successionTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | ResidenceTemplate:Sfn | Purported life details | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XSZ ProjectTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | CHACTemplate:Sfn | |||||||
Early Shang | ||||||||
| Tang Script error: No such module "Lang". Da Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Lü Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Template:Floruit | Template:FloruitTemplate:Sfn | Defeated the purportedly tyrannous Jie of Xia at the Battle of Mingtiao and established the Shang dynasty | Bo, then Shangyi | Traditionally considered a noble and virtuous rulerTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Da Ding (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". Tai Ding (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
unknown | – | – | Son of Tang | – | Uncertain whether he was ever enthroned; may have died before succeeding his fatherTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Wai Bing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Sheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tang | Bo | —Template:Sfn | ||
| Zhong Ren (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Yong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tang | Bo | Not listed in the oracle bones inscriptionsTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Tai Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Zhi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Da Ding | Bo | Traditionally considered an autocratic and cruel rulerTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Wo Ding (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". Qiang Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Jia | Bo | His name is not found in oracle bone inscriptions, making his certainty as a ruler less secure.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Tai Geng Script error: No such module "Lang". Da Geng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Bian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Jia | Bo | –Template:Sfn | ||
| Xiao Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Gao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Geng | Bo | –Template:Sfn | ||
| Yong Ji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Zhou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Geng | Bo | May have reigned after Tai WuTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Tai Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". Da Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Mi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Geng | Bo | Said to have had a particularly long reign; one source records 75 years. The astronomer Wuxian was active under himTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Zhong Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Zhung Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Wu | Ao | May have succeeded Yong JiTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Wai Ren Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Fā Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Wu | Ao | –Template:Sfn | ||
| He Dan Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Zheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Tai Wu | Xiang | Moved the capital to Xiang (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and engaged in military campaignsTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Zu Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Teng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Zhong Ding | Geng | The dynasty flourished particularly during his reignTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Zu Xin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Dan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Zu Yi | Bi | –Template:Sfn | ||
| Wo Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". Qiang Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Zu Yi | Bi | –Template:Sfn | ||
| Zu Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Xin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Zu Xin | Bi | –Template:Sfn | ||
| Nan Geng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Geng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Wo Jia | Bi, then Yan | Moved the capital from Bi (Script error: No such module "Lang".) to Yan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Template:Sfn | ||
| Yang Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi He Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | — | Son of Zu Ding | Yan | His reign marked the decline of the ShangTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Pan Geng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Xun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1300–1251 (Template:Age in years years) |
— | Son of Zu Ding | Yan, then Yin | Traditionally said to have moved the dynasty's capital from Yan (Script error: No such module "Lang".) to Yin (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Template:Sfn Led a prosperous reignTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Xiao Xin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Song Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | Son of Zu Ding | Yin | His reign saw the continuation of the Shang's declineTemplate:Sfn | |||
| Xiao Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Lian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | Son of Zu Ding | Yin | –Template:Sfn | |||
Late ShangScript error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||||||
| Wu Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Zhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1250–1192 (Template:Age in years years) |
?–1189 | Son of Xiao Yi | Yin | A powerful king with a lengthy reign. Made his wife Fu Hao the a military general and is purportedly defeated the mostly-unknown Guifang people.Template:Sfn The first ruler whose name is included in oracle bones which date to his reign.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Zu Geng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Yue Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1191–1148 (Template:Age in years years) |
1188–1178 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wu Ding | Yin | Possibly commissioned the Houmuwu ding in memory of his mother Fu JingTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn | ||
| Zu Jia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Zai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1177–1158 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wu Ding | Yin | Reformed the ritual and calendar systems, as recording in the Book of DocumentsTemplate:Sfn | |||
| Lin Xin (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1157–1149 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Zu Jia | Yin | Due to inconsistencies in the oracle bone inscriptions, it is possible he did not reign.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn | |||
| Geng Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". Kang Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Xiao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1148–1132 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Zu Jia | Yin | His reign accelerated the dynasty's declineTemplate:Sfn | |||
| Wu Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Qu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1147–1131 (Template:Age in years years) |
1131–1117 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Geng Ding | Yin, Hebei, then Mo | Engaged in numerous military campaigns, including against the state of Yiqu. Traditionally held to have been killed by a lightning strike, considered a bad omenTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Wen Wu Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". Wen Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Tuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1112–1102 (Template:Age in years years) |
1116–1106 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wu Yi | Yin | The Predynastic Zhou rose in power during his reign, led by Ji, King of ZhouTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Di Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1101–1076 (Template:Age in years years) |
1105–1087 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wen Wu Ding | Yin | Supposedly married his daughter to King Wen of Zhou,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn or married his sister to Ji, King of ZhouTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Di Xin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zi Shou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1075–1046 (Template:Age in years years) |
1086–1045 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Di Yi | Yin | Killed by Ji Fa during the Battle of MuyeTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | ||
Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Posthumous nameTemplate:Sfn | Personal name | Tentative reign (BCE) | Traditional successionTemplate:Sfn | Purported life details | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XSZ ProjectTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | CHACTemplate:Sfn | |||||
Western ZhouScript error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||||
| Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Fa Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1046–1043 (Template:Age in years years) |
1049–1043 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of King Wen | Defeated the tyrannical King Zhou of Shang in the Battle of MuyeTemplate:Sfn | |
| Cheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Song Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1042–1021 (Template:Age in years years) |
1042–1006 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wu | Most of his reign was controlled by the Duke of Zhou, who suppressed the Rebellion of the Three GuardsTemplate:Sfn | |
| Kang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Zhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1020–996 (Template:Age in years years) |
1005–978 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Cheng | His accession established Zhou primogeniture. A largely peaceful reignTemplate:Sfn | |
| Zhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Xia Script error: No such module "Lang". |
995–977 (Template:Age in years years) |
977–957 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Kang | Lost the Zhou–Chu War, during which he died. His reign marked the Zhou's gradual declineTemplate:Sfn | |
| Mu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Man Script error: No such module "Lang". |
976–922 (Template:Age in years years) |
956–918 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Zhao | Engaged in many destabilizing territory conflictsTemplate:Sfn | |
| Gong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Yihu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
922–900 (Template:Age in years years) |
917–900 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Mu | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn | |
| Yih Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Jian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
899–892 (Template:Age in years years) |
899–873 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Gong | Little is known of his reign; may have been removed from power by XiaoTemplate:Sfn | |
| Xiao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Pifang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
891–886 (Template:Age in years years) |
872–866 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Mu | Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn | |
| Yí Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Xie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
885–878 (Template:Age in years years) |
865–858 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Yih | Continued decline of the ZhouTemplate:Sfn | |
| Li Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Hu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
877–841 (Template:Age in years years) |
857–842 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Yí | Traditionally considered a corrupt and cruel ruler. Exiled amid a peasant rebellionTemplate:Sfn | |
| Gonghe Regency (共和; 841–828)Template:Sfn | ||||||
| Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
827–782 | Son of Li | Had military successes, aiming to restore Zhou authorityTemplate:Sfn | ||
| You Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Gongnie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
781–771 (Template:Age in years years) |
782–771 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Xuan | Numerous natural disasters occurred, after which Quanrong him and overran the capitalTemplate:Sfn | |
Eastern ZhouScript error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||||
| Spring and Autumn period (春秋時代; 770–476 BCE) | ||||||
| Ping Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Yijiu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
770–720 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of You | Moved the capital to LuoyangTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Huan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Lin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
719–697 (Template:Age in years years) |
Grandson of Ping | Defeated by the Duke of Zheng at the Battle of Xuge, accelerating the Zhou dynasty's decline in powerTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Zhuang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Tuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
696–682 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Huan | Royal court's authority began decliningTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Xi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Huqi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
681–677 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Zhuang | Briefly reigned as the Duke Huan led the Qi to surpass the Zhou in powerTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Hui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Lang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
676–652 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Xi | Slowed the Chu state's riseTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Xiang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Zheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
651–619 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Hui | Briefly deposed by his brother, but reinstated by Duke WenTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Qing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Renchen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
618–613 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Xiang | Briefly reignedTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Kuang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Ban Script error: No such module "Lang". |
612–607 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Qing | Increasing fighting between surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
606–586 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Qing | Continued fighting of surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Jian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
585–572 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Ding | Continued fighting of surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Ling Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Xiexin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
571–545 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Jian | Weakened relations with surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Gui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
544–521 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Ling | Died without an heir, causing a power struggle and rebellionTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Dao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Meng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
520 (less than a year) |
Son of Jing (544–521) | Briefly ruled before being murdered by his brotherTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Gai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
519–476 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Jing (544–521) | Briefly exiled during a revolt. Ruled during the lifetime of ConfuciusTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Warring States period (戰國時代; 475–221 BCE) | ||||||
| Yuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Ren Script error: No such module "Lang". |
475–469 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Jing (519–476) | Decline in Zhou's powerTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Zhending Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Jie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
468–442 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Yuan | Continued decline of ZhouTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Ai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Quji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
441 (less than a year) |
Son of Zhending | Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by SiTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Si Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Shu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
441 (less than a year) |
Son of Zhending | Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by KaoTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Kao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
440–426 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Zhending | –Template:Sfn | ||
| Weilie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
425–402 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Kao | –Template:Sfn | ||
| An Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Jiao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
401–376 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Weilie | Wei increased in powerTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Lie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Xi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
375–369 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of An | –Template:Sfn | ||
| Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Bian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
368–321 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of An | Qin began to rise in powerTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Shenjing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
320–315 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Xian | Qin's power grew significantly during his reignTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Nan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ji Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
314–256 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Shenjing | Longest reigning Zhou ruler, though held little power amid the divided kingdom. Conquered and deposed by King Zhaoxiang of QinTemplate:Sfn | ||
Early imperial China
Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Dynastic name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qin Shi HuangTemplate:Efn Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ying Zheng Script error: No such module "Lang". Zhao Zheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
221Template:Efn – July 210 BCETemplate:Efn (11 years) |
Son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin. As King Zheng of Qin, he conquered the six other states during the Warring States period and proclaimed himself Emperor (皇帝; Huangdi).Template:Sfn | 259 – July 210 BCE (Template:Age in years years) Instilled a Legalist philosophy, combined preexisting walls into the Great Wall of China, and built the Lingqu canal and the Terracotta Army. Died of sudden illness,Template:Sfn possibly alchemical elixir poisoningTemplate:Sfn |
| Qin Er ShiTemplate:Efn Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ying Huhai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
210Template:Efn – October 207 BCE (3 years) |
Second son of Qin Shi Huang. Put on the throne by Li Si and Zhao Gao, who forced the appointed heir Fusu to commit suicide.Template:Sfn | 231/222 – October 207 BCE (Template:Age in years/Template:Age in years years) His reign was completely dominated by Zhao Gao. Forced by Zhao to commit suicideTemplate:Sfn |
| As the Qin dynasty greatly weakened in power, the Chu–Han Contention began in 206 BCE and ended with Liu Bang inaugurating the Han dynasty in 202 BCETemplate:Efn | ||||
Han and Xin dynasties (202 BCE – 220 CE)
Script error: No such module "Main list". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
| Posthumous name | Personal name | ReignTemplate:Sfnm | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||
| Gaozu Script error: No such module "Lang". Gao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Bang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 February 202Template:Efn– 1 June 195 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) |
Unified China and proclaimed himself Emperor after victory in the Chu–Han Contention | 256 – 1 June 195 BCE (aged 61) Among the most revered Chinese emperors. Died from an arrow injury in a campaign against Ying BuTemplate:Sfnm |
| Hui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Ying Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 June 195 – 26 September 188 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) |
Son of Gao | 210 – 26 September 188 BCE (aged 22) His reign was largely dominated by his mother Empress Lü. Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| QianshaoTemplate:Efn (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Gong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 October 188 – 15 June 184 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) |
Purportedly a son of HuiTemplate:Efn | ? – after 184 BCE
An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by Empress Lü. Deposed and put under house arrest; unknown date of death after 184Template:Sfnm |
| HoushaoTemplate:Efn (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". Liu Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
15 June 184 – 15 August 180 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) |
Purportedly a son of HuiTemplate:Efn | ? – 14 November 180
An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by Empress Lü. Put to death by the House of LüTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Heng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
14 November 180 – 6 July 157 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Gao | 203/202 – 6 July 157 BCE (aged 46) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Qi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
14 July 157 – 10 March 141 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Wen | 188 – 10 March 141 BCE (aged 47) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Che Script error: No such module "Lang". |
10 March 141 – 29 March 87 BCETemplate:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Jing | 157/156 – 29 March 87 BCETemplate:Efn (aged 69) Among the longest reigning and highly regarded Chinese emperors. Expanded the Han dynasty considerably. Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Fuling Script error: No such module "Lang". |
30 March 87 – 5 June 74 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Wu | 94 – 5 June 74 BCE (aged 20) Died from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known as Marquis of Haihun (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu He Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 July – 14 August 74 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) |
Grandson of Wu | 92–59 BCE (aged 32–33) Briefly installed by Huo Guang and not often considered legitimate. Died from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Bingyi Script error: No such module "Lang". Liu Xun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
10 September 74 – 10 January 48 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-grandson Wu | 91 – 10 January 48 BCE (aged 43) His reign is sometimes considered a cultural and political 'renaissance'. Died from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Shi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
29 January 48 – 3 July 33 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuan | 75 – 8 July 33 BCE (aged 42) Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| Cheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Ao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
4 August 33 – 17 April 7 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yuan | 51 – 17 April 7 BCE (aged 44) Died from a stroke or possibly complications from an aphrodisiac overdoseTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Xin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
7 May 7 – 15 August 1 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Yuan | 27 – 15 August 1 BCE (aged 26) Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ping Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Kan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
17 October 1 BCE – 3 February 6 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Yuan | 9 BCE – 3 February 6 CE (aged 14) His reign was dominated by Wang Zhengjun and Wang Mang. He was murdered, possibly by orders from the latter.Template:Sfnm |
| None, known as Ruzi Ying (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Ying Script error: No such module "Lang". |
17 April 6 – 10 January 9 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Cousin-once-removed of Ping | 5 – 25 CE (aged 20) A child puppet of Wang Mang; often not considered legitimate. He later attempted to succeed the Gengshi Emperor, but was killed by himTemplate:Sfnm |
Xin dynasty (9–23 CE)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||
| — | Wang Mang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
10 January 9 – 6 October 23 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
After dominating the reign of Emperor Ping, Wang Mang overthrew him and established the short-lived Xin dynasty | 46 BCE – 6 October 23 CE (aged 68) Established the Xin dynasty, but his drastic reforms incited the Red Eyebrows and Lulin peasant rebellions which collapsed the dynasty.Template:Sfnm |
Gengshi Emperor (23–25 CE) | ||||
| None, known by his era: Gengshi (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 March 23 – November 25 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Descendant of Jing | ? – November 25 CE
Strangled on the orders of Template:Ill, a leader of the Red Eyebrows. Sometimes considered a pretender and illegitimateTemplate:Sfn |
Eastern Han (25–220 CE)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||
| Guangwu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Xiu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
5 August 25 – 29 March 57 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Descendant of Jing | 15 January 5 BCE – 29 March 57 CE (aged 62) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yang Script error: No such module "Lang". Liu Zhuang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
29 March 57 – 5 September 75 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Guangwu | 28 – 5 September 75 CE (aged 48) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Da Script error: No such module "Lang". |
5 September 75 – 9 April 88 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Ming | 56 – 9 April 88 CE (aged 32) His reign marked the beginning of the Han's decline. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| He Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Zhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
9 April 88 – 13 February 106 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhang | 79 – 13 February 106 (aged 27) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Long Script error: No such module "Lang". |
13 February – 21 September 106 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of He | 105 – 21 September 106 (aged 4) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| An Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Hu Script error: No such module "Lang". Liu You Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 September 106 – 30 April 125 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Zhang | 94 – 30 April 125 (aged 32) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known as Marquess of Beixiang (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 May – 10 December 125 CETemplate:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days) |
Grandson of Emperor Zhang | ?–125 CE
Briefly reigned, probably as a child; often not considered legitimate. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn |
| Shun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Bao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 December 125 – 20 September 144 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of An | 115 – 20 September 144 CE (aged 29) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Chong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Bing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
20 September 144 – 15 February 145 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shun | 143 – 15 February 145 CE (aged 2) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Zuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
6 March 145 – 26 July 146 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Cousin of Chong and great-grandson of Emperor Zhang | 138 – 26 July 146 CE (aged 7–8) His reign was dominated by Liang Ji, who may have poisoned him. Otherwise he died from food poisoningTemplate:Sfnm |
| Huan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Zhi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1 August 146 – 25 January 168 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-grandson of Zhang | 132 – 25 January 168 CE (aged 36) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ling Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
17 February 168 – 13 May 189 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-great-grandson of Zhang | 156 – 13 May 189 CE (aged 32–33) Died of an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| Prince of Hongnong (Template:Hash-tag) Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Bian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
15 May – 28 September 189 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Ling | 173/176 – 22 March 190 CE (aged 13–14) Briefly reigned as a child; often not considered legitimate. Poisoned by Dong ZhuoTemplate:Sfn |
| Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Xie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 September 189 – 11 December 220Template:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Ling | 2 April 181 – 21 April 234 (aged 53) A puppet of Dong Zhuo and later Cao Cao. Forced to abdicate by Cao Pi, but spared. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Cao Cao is defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs by Sun Quan and Liu Bei, preventing him from uniting seceded southern Han territory. The region becomes split into three competing powers: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.Template:Sfnm | ||||
Six Dynasties
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
Three Kingdoms (220–280)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
Cao Wei (220–266)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cao Pi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 December 220 – 29 June 226 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
The eldest surviving son of Cao Cao. Inherited what lands the Eastern Han dynasty still controlled to found the Cao Wei state | 187 – 29 June 226 (aged 38–39) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Cao Rui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
29 June 226 – 22 January 239 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Cao Pi and grandson of Cao Cao | Template:Circa – 22 January 239 (aged 34–35) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Cao Fang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Shao Script error: No such module "Lang". Emperor Fei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
22 January 239 – 16 October 254 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Adopted heir by Cao Rui, who had no sons of his own. He was presumably related to the imperial family in some way | 231–274 (aged 42–43) His reign was completely dominated by Cao Shuang, Sima Yi and Sima Shi, the latter of which eventually deposed Cao Fang. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Cao Mao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke of Gaogui District Script error: No such module "Lang". |
2 November 254 – 2 June 260 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
The cousin of Cao Fang and grandson of Cao Pi. Put on the throne by Sima Shi | Template:Circa – 9 July 260 (aged 18–19) His reign was completely dominated by Sima Shi and Sima Zhao. Died in a failed coup to regain power from Sima ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm |
| Cao Huan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Yuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 July 260 – 4 February 266 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Cao Cao and the first cousin once-removed of Cao Mao | 245–302 (aged 56–57) His reign was completely dominated by Sima Zhao and Sima Yan. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
Shu Han (221–263)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Bei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Zhaolie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
15 May 221 – 10 June 223 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Claimed to descend from Emperor Jing of Han. Conquered the Yi Province to found the Shu Han state | 161 – 10 June 223 (aged 61–62) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Shan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Xiaohuai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
June 223 – December 263 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
The son of Liu Bei | 207–271 (aged 63–64) Abdicated after the fall on the Shu capital of Chengdu in 263.Template:Sfnm |
Eastern Wu (222–280)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Quan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Da Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 May 229 – May 252 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
The son of Sun Jian; inherited the conquests of his brother Sun Ce. Proclaimed "King of Wu" in 221 and later "Emperor" in 229 | 182–252 (aged 69–70) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Sun Liang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Fei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
May 252 – 9 November 258 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Sun Quan | 243–260 (aged 16–17) His reign was completely dominated by three successive regents: Zhuge Ke, Sun Jun and Sun Chen. He was later deposed and died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Sun Xiu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
30 November 258 – 3 September 264 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Sun Quan | 235–264 (aged 28–29) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Sun Hao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Mo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
3 September 264 – 1 May 280 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Sun He, former heir apparent to Sun Quan | 241–283 (aged 41–42) Eastern Wu was conquered by Sima Yan in 280. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn |
Jin dynasty (266–420)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Jin (266–316)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||
| Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 February 266 – 16 May 290 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Prince Sima Zhao, proclaimed emperor after the abdication of Cao Huan of Wei. He unified China after conquering Eastern Wu in 280 | 236–290 (aged 53–54) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Hui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Zhong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 May 290 – 8 January 307 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wu, ruled under the regency of his wife, Jia Nanfeng, until her death in 300 CE | 259–307 (aged 47–48) Possibly mentally unstable, his reign was marked by the disastrous War of the Eight Princes. He was poisoned by Sima YueTemplate:Sfnm |
| — | Sima Lun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
3 February – 30 May 301 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Prince of Zhao and son of Sima Yi, briefly usurped power from Emperor Hu | One of the infamous Eight Princes; often seen as an usurper. He was forced to commit suicide by Princes Jiong, Ying and YongTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Huai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Chi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 January 307 – 14 March 311 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Younger brother of Emperor Hui | 284–313 (aged 30–31) His reign, dominated by Sima Yue, saw widespread ethnic rebellions. He was deposed and killed by the Han-ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Min Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Ye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
14 March 313 – 7 February 316 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Emperor Huai, proclaimed emperor in Chang'an after the fall of Luoyang to the Five Barbarians. | 300 – 7 February 316 (aged 15–16) Killed by Liu Cong of Han-ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm |
Eastern Jin (318–420)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | ||||
| Emperor Yuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Rui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
26 April 318 – 3 January 323 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-grandson of Sima Yi, proclaimed himself emperor with the help of Wang Dun in Jiankang after the fall of Chang'an. | 276 – 323 (aged 47) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Shao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
3 January 323 – 18 October 325 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Yuan | 299 – 325 (aged 26) His reign was dominated by Wang Dao and antagonized by Wang Dun. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Cheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 October 325 – 26 July 342 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Ming, ruled initially under the regency of Yu Wenjun | 321 – 342 (aged 21) Dominated by Yu Liang, he was briefly deposed in 328 by rebel Su Jun. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Kang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Yue Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 July 342 – 17 November 344 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Ming | 322 – 344 (aged 22) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Mu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Dan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 November 344 – 10 July 361 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Kang, "ruled" under the regency of Empress Dowager Chu until 357 | 343 – 361 (aged 18) The youngest Chinese emperor.Template:Efn Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Ai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Pi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
13 July 361 – 30 March 365 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Cheng, reigned alongside Empress Dowager Chu | 341 – 365 (aged 24) Died of drug poisoningTemplate:Sfnm |
| none, known as: Emperor FeiTemplate:Efn Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
31 March 365 – 6 January 372 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Cheng | 342 – 386 (aged 44) Deposed by Huan Wen, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Jianwen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
6 January – 19 August 372 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Yuan and great-great-grandson of Sima Yi, enthroned by Huan Wen | 320 – 372 (aged 52) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xiaowu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Yao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 August 372 – 6 November 396 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Jianwen | 362 – 396 (aged 34) His army's defeat of the Former Qin army at the Battle of Fei River led to the eventual collapse of the Former Qin. Killed by a jealous concubineTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor An Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Dezong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
7 November 396 – 28 January 419 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Xiaowu | 382/3 – 419 (aged 36–37) Dominated by Sima Daozi, Huan Xuan and Liu Yu, he was killed by the latterTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Gong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Sima Dewen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 January 419 – 5 July 420 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Xiaowu | 386 – 12 November 421 (aged 35) Abdicated in favor of Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of Song), later assassinatedTemplate:Sfnm |
Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Xiong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
304–334 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of rebel Li Te, proclaimed himself King in 304 and then Emperor in 306 | 274–334 (aged 59–60) Died of diseaseTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Ban Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Ai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
334 (less than a year) |
Nephew of Li Xiong | 274–334 (aged 59–60) Killed by Li QiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Qi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke You Script error: No such module "Lang". |
334–338 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Li Xiong | 314–338 (aged 23–24) Committed suicideTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Shou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Xiaowen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
338–343 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Li Te, usurped power from Li Qi and renamed the state from "Cheng” to “Han” | 300–343 (aged 42–43) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Shi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Marquess of Guiyi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
343–347 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Li Shou | Abdicated to Huan Wen after the fall of Cheng in 347. Died of natural causes in 361 in the Eastern Jin capitalTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Yuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Guangwen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
304–310 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Rebelled against the Jin dynasty. Proclaimed himself King of Han in 304 and Emperor in 308 | Template:Circa 250–310 (aged approx. 60) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn |
| Liu He Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 310 (less than a year) |
Son of Liu Yuan | Killed by his brother Liu CongTemplate:Sfn |
| Liu Cong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Zhaowu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
310–318 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Liu Yuan | Died of natural causes in 318Template:Sfn |
| Liu Can Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Yin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
318 (less than a year) |
Son of Liu Cong | Killed by officer Jin Zhun in 318Template:Sfn |
| Liu Yao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 318–329 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Liu Yuan, changed the dynastic title from "Han" to "Zhao" | Ended the Western Jin in 316. Captured and killed by Shi Le of Later ZhaoTemplate:Sfn |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shi Le Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
319–333 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Rebelled with Ji Sang during the War of the Eight Princes. Proclaimed himself King of Zhao in 319 and then Emperor in 330 | 374–333 (aged 58–59) Ended the Former Zhao in 329. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shi Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 333–334 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shi Le | 313–334 (aged 20–21) Deposed and killed by Shi HuTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shi Hu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
334–349 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Shi Le, usurped power from Shi Hong in 334. Ruled as Heavenly King until 349 | 295–349 (aged 53–54) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shi Shi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 349 (less than a year) |
Son of Shi Hu | 339–349 (aged 9–10) MurderedTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shi Zun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 349 (less than a year) |
Son of Shi Hu | Killed by Ran MinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shi Jian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 349–350 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shi Hu, enthroned by Ran Min | Killed by Ran MinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shi Zhi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 350–351 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shi Hu | Gave up the imperial title in 351, later killed by a subordinate officerTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang Mao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke Cheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
320–324 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of governor Zhang Gui | 377–324 (aged 52–53) Made vassal of Former Zhao in 323. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhang Jun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke Zhongcheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
324–346 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of governor Zhang Shi | 307–346 (aged 38–39) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhang Chonghua Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke Huan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
346–353 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Zhang Jun, didn't assume the dynastic title until 349 | 327–353 (aged 25–26) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhang Yaoling Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke Ai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
353 (less than a year) |
Son of Zhang Chonghua | 344–355 (aged 25–26) Killed by Zhang ZuoTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhang Zuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
King Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
354–355 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhang Jun | Discontinued the use of Western Jin era names before being killed in 355Template:Sfnm |
| Zhang Xuanjing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke Chong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
355–363 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhang Chonghua | 350–363 (aged 12–13) Killed by Zhang TianxiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhang Tianxi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Duke Dao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
363–376 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhang Jun | 346–406 (aged 59–60) Surrendered to the Former Qin, later dying of natural causes in Eastern JinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murong Huang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wenming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
337–348 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of governor Murong Hui, proclaimed himself Prince of Yan in 337. Remained loyal to the Jin | 297–348 (aged 50–51) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Murong Jun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Jingzhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
348–360 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Murong Huang, proclaimed himself Emperor in 352 | 319–360 (aged 38–39) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Murong Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor You Script error: No such module "Lang". |
360–370 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Murong Jun, ruled under the regency of Murong Ping | 350–384 (aged 33–34) Captured by Former Qin in 370, executed by Fu Jiān in 384 after a failed coupTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fu Jiàn Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Jingming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
351–355 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Prince Hong, leader of the Di. Proclaimed Heavenly King and Great Chanyu after Hong's murder in 351, became Emperor in 352 | 307 or 317–355 (aged 48 or 38) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Fu Sheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Li Script error: No such module "Lang". |
355–357 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Fu Jiàn | 335–357 (aged 22) Killed by his cousinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Fu Jiān Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Xuanzhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
357–385 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Fu Hong, ruled as Heavenly King | 338–385 (aged 47) Conquered Former Yan, Former Liang, and Dai. Killed by Yao Chang.Template:Sfnm |
| Fu Pi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Aiping Script error: No such module "Lang". |
385–386 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Fu Jiān | Defeated by Murong Yong of Western Yan, later killed by the Eastern Jin armyTemplate:Sfnm |
| Fu Deng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Gao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
386–394 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandnephew of Fu Jiān | 343–394 (aged 51) Killed by Yao Xing of Later QinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Fu Chong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 394 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Fu Deng | Killed by Qifu Qiangui of Western QinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murong Chui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wucheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
384–396 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Prince Murong Huang of Former Yan, reestablished his kingdom after the Battle of Fei River | 326–396 (aged 70) Conquered Western Yan in 394Template:Sfnm |
| Murong Bao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Huimin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
396–398 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Murong Chui | 355–398 (aged 43) Killed by the usurper Lan HanTemplate:Sfnm |
| Murong Sheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Zhaowu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
398–401 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Murong Bao, came to power after killing Lan Han | 373–401 (aged 28) Killed by general Duan JiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Murong Xi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Zhaowen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
401–407 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Murong Chui | 385–407 (aged 22) Killed by Feng BaTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yao Chang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wuzhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
384–393 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Proclaimed King after the Battle of Fei River, then Emperor after killing Fu Jiān of Former Qin | 343–394 (aged 51) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yao Xing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wenhuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
394–416 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yao Chang | 366–416 (aged 50) Conquered Former Qin and Later Liang. Favored Buddhism and Taoism.Template:Sfnm |
| Yao Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 416–417 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yao Xing | 388–417 (aged 29) Executed by the Eastern JinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qifu Guoren Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Xuanlie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
385–388 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Former general of Former Qin | Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Qifu Gangui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wuyuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
388–412 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Younger brother of Qifu Guoren | Surrendered to Later Qin in 400, reclaimed the throne in 409. Killed by his nephewTemplate:Sfnm |
| Qifu Chipan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wenzhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
412–428 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Qifu Gangui | Conquered Southern Liang in 414Template:Sfnm |
| Qifu Mumo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 428–431 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Qifu Chipan | Killed by the XiaTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lü Guang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Yiwu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
386–399 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Former general of Former Qin, proclaimed himself Duke of Jiuquan in 386 and Heavenly King in 396 | 337–399 (aged 19) Abdicated in favor of his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| Lü Shao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Yin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
399 (less than a year) |
Son of Lü Guang | Forced to commit suicide by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm |
| Lü Zuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Ling Script error: No such module "Lang". |
399–401 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Lü Guang | Killed by Lü Chao, Guang's nephewTemplate:Sfnm |
| Lü Long Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 401–403 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Lü Guang | Killed by Yao Hong of Later QinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tufa Wugu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
397–399 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Proclaimed himself Great Chanyu | Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Tufa Lilugu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Kang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
399–402 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Elder brother of Tufa Wugu | Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Tufa Rutan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
402–414 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Elder brother Tufa Lilugu | 364–415 (aged 51) Captured and killed by Western QinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duan Ye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 397–401 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Governor of Later Liang, proclaimed himself Prince of Liang in 397 | Killed by Juqu MengxunTemplate:Sfnm |
| Juqu Mengxun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 401–433 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Former ally of Duan Ye, proclaimed himself Duke of Zhangye | Conquered Western Liang in 421Template:Sfnm |
| Juqu Mujian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Ai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
433–439 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Juqu Mengxun | Defeated by Northern Wei, later forced to commit suicide in 449 for seditionTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murong De Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Xianwu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
398–405 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Younger brother of Murong Chui of Later Yan, declared himself Prince in 398 and then Emperor in 400 | 336–405 (aged 69) Captured and killed by Western QinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Murong Chao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 405–410 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Uncertain succession | 385–410 (aged 25) Captured and killed by Eastern JinTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Gao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wuzhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
400–417 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Governor of Dunhuang under Duan Ye of Northern Liang, declared himself Duke | 351–417 (aged 66) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Xin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 417–420 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Li Gao | Killed by Juqu Mengxun of Northern LiangTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Xun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 420–421 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Li Gao | Committed suicide after the fall of DunhuangTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helian Bobo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wulie Script error: No such module "Lang". |
407–425 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Subordinate of Yao Xing of Later Qin, declared himself Heavenly King in 407 and then Emperor at Chang'an in 418 | 381–425 (aged 44) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Helian Chang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 425–428 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Helian Bobo | Executed by Northern Wei in 434Template:Sfnm |
| Helian Ding Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 428–431 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Helian Bobo | Executed by Tuyuhun in 432Template:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gao Yun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Huiyi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
407–409 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Adopted son of Murong Bao or Later Yan, proclaimed Heavenly King by Feng Ba | Killed by his underlingsTemplate:Sfn |
| Feng Ba Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Wencheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
409–430 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Seized power after Yun's death | Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn |
| Feng Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Emperor Zhaocheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
430–436 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Younger brother of Feng Ba | Defeated by Northern Wei, later murdered in GoguryeoTemplate:Sfn |
Northern and Southern Dynasties (420–589)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
Northern Dynasties (420–581)
Script error: No such module "Main list".
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Daowu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Tuoba Gui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
20 February 386 – 409 Template:Collapsible list |
Leader of the Tuoba, refounded the Dai State as Wei | 371–409 (aged 39) Killed by his son Tuoba ShaoTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Mingyuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Tuoba Si Script error: No such module "Lang". |
409–423 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Daowu | 392–423 (aged 31) Died of diseaseTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Taiwu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Tuoba Tao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
423–452 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Mingyuan | 408–452 (aged 43–44) Conquered Xia, Northern Yan and Liang. Killed by eunuch Zong AiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Tuoba Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Tuoba Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
452 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Taiwu. Put on the throne by eunuch Zong Ai | Killed by Zong AiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Wencheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Tuoba Jun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
452–465 Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Taiwu. Ascended to the throne after the murder of Zong. | 440–465 (aged 24–25) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xianwen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Tuoba Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
465–471 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Wencheng | 454–476 (aged 21–22) Abdicated in favor of his son Yuan Hong, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xiaowen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Tuoba Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". Yuan Hong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
471–499 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xianwen, ruled under the regency of Empress Dowager Feng until 470. | 467–499 (aged 31–32) One of the most significant reformers in medieval China. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xuanwu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Ke Script error: No such module "Lang". |
499–515 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xiaowen | 483–515 (aged 31–32) His reign marked the decline of WeiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xiaoming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Xu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
515–528 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuanwu | 510–528 (aged 17–18) Killed in a power struggle against Empress Dowager HuTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known as Youzhu of Northern Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Zhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
528 | Enthroned by Empress Dowager Hu | 526–528 (aged 2) Killed by general Erzhu RongTemplate:Sfn |
| Emperor Xiaozhuang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Ziyou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
528–530 Template:Collapsible list |
Enthroned by Erzhu Rong | 507–early 531 (aged 24) Killed by general Erzhu ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yuan Ye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Ye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
530–531 Template:Collapsible list |
Enthroned by the Erzhu Clan in opposition to Xiaozhuang | Executed in 532Template:Sfnm |
| Emperor Jiemin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Gong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
531–532 Template:Collapsible list |
Enthroned by Erzhu Shilong | 498–532 (aged 33–34) Deposed and executed by Gao HuanTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yuan Lang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Lang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
531–532 Template:Collapsible list |
Enthroned by Gao Huan | 513–532 (aged 19–18) Deposed and executed by Gao HuanTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xiaowu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Xiu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
532–535 Template:Collapsible list |
Enthroned by Gao Huan | 510–early 535 (aged 25) Fled to Chang’an, where he was poisoned by Yuwen Tai of Northern ZhouTemplate:Sfnm |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Xiaojing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Shanjian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
534–550 Template:Collapsible list |
Enthroned by Gao Huan | 524–552 (aged 27–28) Forced to abdicate and later poisoned by Gao YangTemplate:Sfnm |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Wenxuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gao Yang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
550–559 Template:Collapsible list |
Regent of Eastern Wei, proclaimed himself emperor after deposing Emperor Xiaojing | 529–559 (aged 29–30) Supposedly suffered insanity in his late reign. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Fei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gao Yin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
559–560 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wenxuan, enthroned by official Yang Yin | 545–561 (aged 15–16) Forced to abdicate by his uncles Gao Yan and Gao Zhan, later executedTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xiaozhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gao Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
560–561 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Gao Huan, seized power through a palace coup | 535–559 (aged 25–26) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Wucheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gao Zhan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
561–565 Template:Collapsible list |
Brother of Xiaozhao | 537–569 (aged 31–32) Abdicated in favor of his son, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gao Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gao Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
565–577 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Wucheng, ruled under his father's regency until 569 | 557–577 (aged 19–20) Abdicated in favor of his son, later killed by Northern ZhouTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gao Heng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gao Heng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
577 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Gao Wei | 557–577 (aged 19–20) Abdicated in favor of his uncle Gao Jie, but was soon killed alongside himTemplate:Sfnm |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Wen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Baoyu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
535–551 Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei | 507–551 (aged 43–44) Killed by Yuwen Tai of Northern ZhouTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Fei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Qin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
551–554 | Son of Emperor Wen, enthroned by Yuwen Tai | Poisoned to death by Yuwen TaiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Gong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuan Kuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
554–556 | Son of Emperor Wen, enthroned by Yuwen Tai | 537–557 (aged 19–20) Abdicated in favor of Yuwen Jue, Tai's son. Killed shortly afterTemplate:Sfnm |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Xiaomin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuwen Jue Script error: No such module "Lang". |
557 | Son of Yuwen Tai, proclaimed himself Heavenly King under Yuwen Hu's patronage and refounded the Northern Wei State as Zhou | 542–557 (aged 14–15) Poisoned to death after a failed coup against Yuwen HuTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuwen Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
557–560 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yuwen Tai, ruled alongside Yuwen Hu | 534–560 (aged 25–26) Poisoned to death by Yuwen HuTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuwen Yong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
561–578 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yuwen Tai, sole ruler after deposing Yuwen Hu in 572 | 543–578 (aged 34–35) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuwen Yun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
578–579 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yuwen Yong | 559–580 (aged 34–35) He neglected government and abdicated in favor of his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuwen Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". Yuwen Chan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
579–581 Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yuwen Yun | 573–581 (aged 7–8) Killed by officer Yang Jian, the future Emperor Wen of SuiTemplate:Sfnm |
Southern Dynasties (420–589)
Script error: No such module "Main list".
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
420–422 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Proclaimed himself emperor after defeating Huan Xuan of Jin in 404, conquering Southern Yan in 410 and taking Later Qin in 417. | 363–422 (aged 58–59) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Shao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yifu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
422–424 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wu | 406–424 (aged 17–18) Killed by officer Xu XianzhiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Wen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yilong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
424–453 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wu | 407–453 (aged 45–46) Killed by his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Shao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Shao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
453 (less than a year)Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wen | Template:Circa 426–453 (aged c. 27) Killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xiaowu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Jun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
453–464 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wen | 430–464 (aged 13–14) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Qianfei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Ziye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
464–465 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Xiaowu | 449–465 (aged 15–16) Killed in a conspiracyTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
466–472 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wen | 439–472 (aged 15–16) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Houfei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
472–477 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Ming | 463–477 (aged 13–14) Killed by Xiao DaochengTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Shun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liu Zhun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
477–479 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Ming, enthroned by Xiao Daocheng, the future Emperor Gao of Southern Qi | 467–479 (aged 13–14) Killed by Xiao DaochengTemplate:Sfnm |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Gao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Daocheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
479–482 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Proclaimed himself emperor after overthrowing the Liu Song dynasty | 427–482 (aged 54–55) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Ze Script error: No such module "Lang". |
482–493 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Gao | 440–493 (aged 54–55) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Prince of Yulin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Zhaoye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
493–494 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Emperor Wu | 473–494 (aged 20–21) Killed by Xiao LuanTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xiao Zhaowen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Zhaowen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
494 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list |
Younger brother of Xiao Zhaoye | 480–494 (aged 13–14) Killed by Xiao LuanTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Luan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
494–498 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Emperor Gao | 452–498 (aged 45–46) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Marquess of Donghun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Baojuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
498–501 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xiao Luan | 483–501 (aged 17–18) Killed by his underlingsTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor He Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Baorong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
501–502 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xiao Luan, set up in Jiangling in opposition to his brother | 488–502 (aged 13–14) Deposed and killed by Xiao YanTemplate:Sfnm |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
502–549 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Overthrew the Southern Qi | 464–549 (aged 85) Imprisoned during the rebellion of Hou Jing, died of hungerTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Jianwen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Gang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
549–551 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wu, enthroned by Hou Jing | 503–551 (aged 47–48) Deposed and killed by Hou JingTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known by his personal name | Xiao Dong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
551 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Xiao Tong and great-grandson of Emperor Wu, enthroned by Hou Jing | 503–551 (aged 47–48) Deposed by Hou Jing and killed by Xiao YiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Yuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
552–555 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Wu. Sole ruler after defeating Hou Jing in 552 and Xiao Ji in 553. | 508–555 (aged 46–47) Captured and killed by Western WeiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Min Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Yuanming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
555 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Wu, enthroned by official Wang Sengbian | Deposed by Chen Baxian, died of natural causes in 556Template:Sfnm |
| Emperor Jin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Fangzhi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
555–557 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yuan, enthroned by Chen Baxian | 543–558 (aged 14–15) Deposed and killed by Chen BaxianTemplate:Sfnm |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Cha Script error: No such module "Lang". |
555–562 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xiao Tong and grandson of Emperor Wu, enthroned by Western Wei | 519–562 (aged 42–43) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn |
| Emperor Ming Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Kui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
562–585 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xiao Cha | 542–585 (aged 42–43) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn |
| Emperor Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Xiao Cong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
585–587 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xiao Kui | Deposed by Emperor Wen of Sui in 587, died of natural causes Template:Circa 607Template:Sfn |
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Wu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Chen Baxian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
557–559 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Overthrew the Liang Dynasty | 503–559 (aged 55–56) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Wen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Chen Qian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
559–566 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Chen Baxian | 522–566 (aged 43–44) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Fei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Chen Bozong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
566–568 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Emperor Wen | 554–570 (aged 15–16) Deposed by his uncleTemplate:Sfnm |
| Emperor Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Chen Xu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
569–582 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Younger brother of Emperor Wen | 528–582 (aged 59–60) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Chen Houzhu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Chen Shubao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
582–589 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Emperor Xuan | 553–604 (aged 50–51) Neglect of government, he was captured by the Sui army. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
Mid-imperial China
Sui dynasty (581–619)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Portrait | Posthumous name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Sui Wendi Tang.jpg | Wen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yang Jian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
4 March 581 – 13 August 604 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yang Zhong, Duke of Sui. Overthrew the Northern Zhou and conquered the other Chinese states | 21 July 541 – 13 August 604 (aged 63) Instituted several institutional reforms and promoted Buddhism. Murdered by his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Sui Yangdi Tang.jpg | Yang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yang Guang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
21 August 604 – 11 April 618 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Wen | 569 – 11 April 618 (aged 51) Led several construction projects and military campaigns. Overthrown in a rebellion and killed by his underlingsTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yang You Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 December 617 – 12 June 618Template:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Wen | 605 – 619 (aged 14) A puppet of Li Yuan. Deposed and later executedTemplate:Sfnm | |
Tang and Zhou dynasties (618–907)
Script error: No such module "Main list". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Portrait | Temple name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Tang (618–690) | |||||
| File:TangGaozu.jpg | Gaozu Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Yuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 June 618 – 4 September 626 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Li Bing, Duke of Tang and officer of Northern Zhou. Claimed descent from Li Gao, founder of Western Liang | 566 – 25 June 635 (aged 69) Abdicated in favor of his son following the Xuanwu Gate Incident. A fair and capable ruler, his reign is said to have started a golden age in Chinese history, although imperial propaganda often underestimated his reign to exalt that of his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:TangTaizong- cropped.jpg | Taizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Shimin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
4 September 626 – 10 July 649 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Gaozu; named heir after the murder of Crown Prince Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident | 23 January 597/99 – 10 July 649 (aged 50–52) Considered one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history, both as a conqueror and administrator. His reign saw a territorial expansion and economic growth not seen since the Han dynasty. Died after a period of prolonged illness, possibly due to alchemical elixir poisoningTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gaozong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Zhi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
15 July 649 – 27 December 683 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Taizong | 20 July 628 – 27 December 683 (aged 55) A well-meaning but ineffectual ruler, his reign was dominated by several successive regencies. Suffered a serious stroke in late 660, whereafter the government was run by his wife, the future Empress Wu Zetian. Died after several years of illnessTemplate:Sfnm | |
| File:Tang Zhongzong.png (non-contemporary) |
Zhongzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
3 January 684 – 26 February 684 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Gaozong and Wu Zetian | 26 November 656 – 3 July 710 (aged 53) Deposed by his mother after challenging her authorityTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Tang Ruizong.png | Ruizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Dan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 February 684 – 16 October 690 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Gaozong and Wu Zetian | 22 June 662 – 13 July 716 (aged 54) A complete puppet of his mother; forced to abdicateTemplate:Sfnm |
(Wu) Zhou (690–705)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | |||||
| File:唐后行從圖 (局部) - 武則天.png | none, known as Wu Zetian Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list |
Wu Zhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 October 690 – 21 February 705 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Former consort of emperors Taizong and Gaozong; regent since November 660, de facto ruler since January 683 | 623/625 – 16 December 705 (aged 81–83) Only female sovereign in Chinese history. Notable for her contribution to the Imperial examination system and her support for Buddhism, but also for her violent methods of enforcement. Deposed by Zhang Jianzhi; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
Tang restoration (705–907) | |||||
| File:Tang Zhongzong.png (non-contemporary) |
Zhongzong (second reign) |
Li Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 February 705 – 3 July 710 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Restored to the throne by Tang loyalists | 26 November 656 – 3 July 710 (aged 53) A weak ruler; he died after eating a poisoned cake delivered by his wife, Empress WeiTemplate:Sfnm |
| none, known as Emperor Shang Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn |
Li Chongmao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 July 710 – 25 July 710 (17 days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhongzong; installed by Empress Wei | 698–714 (aged 16)
Second shortest-reigning emperor; deposed in a palace coupTemplate:Sfnm | |
| File:Tang Ruizong.png (non-contemporary) |
Ruizong (second reign) |
Li Dan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
25 July 710 – 8 September 712 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Restored to the throne by detractors of Empress Wei | 22 June 662 – 13 July 716 (aged 54) Spent his reign in a constant power struggle with his sister, Princess Taiping. Abdicated in favor of his son to undermine her influenceTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:李隆基像.jpg (non-contemporary) |
Xuanzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Longji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 September 712 – 12 August 756 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Ruizong | 8 September 685 – 3 May 762 (aged 76) One of the greatest and longest reigning Chinese emperors. The Tang empire reached its peak during his early reign, but fell of grace at the end as a result of the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion. Abdicated in favor of his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:TangSuzong.jpg | Suzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Jun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
12 August 756 – 16 May 762 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuanzong; proclaimed emperor in Lingwu | 711 – 16 May 762 (aged 51) Recaptured Chang'an in November 757. During his reign the eunuchs grew increasingly powerful.Template:Sfnm |
| File:Tang Daizong.jpg | Daizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Chu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 May 762 – 10 June 779 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Suzong; proclaimed emperor in Chang'an | 9 January 727 – 10 June 779 (aged 52) Ended the An–Shi Rebellion, but failed to maintain control over the far provincesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Tang Dezong.jpg | Dezong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Kuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
12 June 779 – 25 February 805 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Daizong | 27 May 742 – 25 February 805 (aged 62) Notable for his tax reforms, he also attempted to control regional jiedushi, but this backfired and caused a military mutiny in 783Template:Sfnm |
| Shunzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Song Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 February – 28 August 805 (6 months) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Dezong | February 761 – 11 February 806 (aged 45) Aphasic, weak and ill, he was urged to abdicate by the court eunuchsTemplate:Sfnm | |
| File:TangXianzong.jpg (non-contemporary) |
Xianzong 憲宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Chun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
5 September 805 – 14 February 820 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shunzong | March 778 – 14 February 820 (aged 41) Ended the warlord threat, but ended up becoming a puppet of the eunuchs. A drug addict, he was poisoned to death by eunuch Chen HongzhiTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Muzong.jpg | Muzong 穆宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Heng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
20 February 820 – 25 February 824 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xianzong | July 795 – 25 February 824 (aged 28) Suffered a serious stroke in 822 (while playing polo), whereafter the government was run by eunuchs Wang Shoucheng and Li Fengji.Template:Sfnm |
| File:帝鉴图说.Recueil Historique des Principaux Traits de la Vie des Empereurs Chinois.95帧图.彩绘册页.约18世纪 (唐敬宗) (cropped).jpg (non-contemporary) |
Jingzong 敬宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Zhan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
29 February 824 – 9 January 827 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Muzong | 22 July 809 – 9 January 827 (aged 17) A reckless player of football; he was killed by eunuchsTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:TangWenzongAlt.jpg | Wenzong 文宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Ang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
13 January 827 – 10 February 840 (13 years lacking 3 days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Muzong | 20 November 809 – 10 February 840 (aged 30) Attempted to eradicate the eunuchs in the Sweet Dew incident (835), but ended up making them stronger. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Tang Wuzong.jpg (non-contemporary) |
Wuzong 武宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
20 February 840 – 22 April 846 (6 years, 2 months and 2 days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Muzong | 2 July 814 – 22 April 846 (aged 31) Notable for his persecution of Buddhism. Died of drug overdoseTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xuanzong 宣宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Chen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
25 April 846 – 7 September 859 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xianzong | 27 July 810 – 7 September 859 (aged 49) Arguably the last capable Tang emperor. Notable for his campaigns against the Tibetan Empire. Died of drug overdoseTemplate:Sfnm | |
| File:TangYizong.jpg | Yizong 懿宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Cui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
13 September 859 – 15 August 873 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuanzong | 28 December 833 – 15 August 873 (aged 39) A devout Buddhist, but also a cruel and unstable ruler. His reign, which was dominated by eunuchs, saw various revolts that severely weakened imperial powerTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:唐僖宗帝(殘唐五代史演義傳).jpg (non-contemporary) |
Xizong 僖宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Xuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 August 873 – 20 April 888 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yizong | 8 June 862 – 20 April 888 (aged 25) A puppet of Tian Lingzi, had to flee Chang'an twice due to internal strifeTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known by his personal name | Li Yun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
31 October 886 – January 887 (3 months) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-grandson of Suzong, took power in Chang'an | Died in 887
Killed by Xizong's forces; often seen as an usurperTemplate:Sfnm | |
| File:Zhaozong.jpg | Zhaozong 昭宗 Template:Collapsible list |
Li Ye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
20 April 888 – 22 September 904 (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yizong | 31 March 867 – 22 September 904 (aged 37) His reign saw the final collapse of imperial authority and the rise of new powerful warlords. He was killed by rebel Zhu WenTemplate:Sfnm |
| better known as Emperor Ai Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Zhu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
26 September 904 – 1 June 907 (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn |
Son of Zhaozong, proclaimed emperor in Luoyang | 27 October 892 – 25 March 908 (aged 15) Installed, deposed, and later killed by Zhu WenTemplate:Sfnm | |
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
Five Dynasties (907–912)
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhu Wen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Taizu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
907–912 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Former ally of rebel Huang Chao, defected to the Imperial army in 882 but later betrayed the Tang and proclaimed himself Emperor in Kaifeng | 852–912 (aged 60) Killed by his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhu Yougui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 912–913 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhu Wen, usurped power after learning of his father's intentions of adopting Zhu Youwen as heir | Died in 913
Described as murderous and lustful, he was killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhu Youzhen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 913–923 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhu Wen | 888–923 (aged 35) Killed by the forces of Li CunxuTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Cunxu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zhuangzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
923–926 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Proclaimed himself Emperor after conquering Later Liang | 885–926 (aged 41) Killed in a coupTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Siyuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Mingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
926–933 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Adopted son of Li Keyong, took Luoyang and proclaimed himself Emperor after the murder of Li Cunxu | 867–933 (aged 66) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Conghou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 934 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Li Siyuan | 914–early 934 (aged 20) Killed by Li CongkeTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Congke Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 934–937 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Adopted son of Li Siyuan, he usurped power from Li Conghou | 884/6–936 (aged 50–52) Defeated by Shi Jingtang of Later Jin, he burned himself to deathTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shi Jingtang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gaozu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
936–942 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Proclaimed himself emperor with the help of the Shatuo and Khitan people | 892–942 (aged 50) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shi Chonggui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 942–947 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Shi Jingtang | 914–947 (aged 33) Captured by Emperor Taizong of Liao but spared; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Zhiyuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gaozu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
947–948 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Jiedushi under the Later Jin, proclaimed himself emperor after the capture of Shi Chonggui by the Khitan | 895–948 (aged 53) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Chengyou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 948–951 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Liu Zhiyuan | 931–951 (aged 20) Killed by the forces of Guo WeiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guo Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Taizu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
951–954 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Officer of Later Han, proclaimed himself emperor and dethroned Liu Chengyou | 904–954 (aged 50) Died of natural causes; introduced reforms that greatly benefited farmingTemplate:Sfnm |
| Chai Rong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Shizong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
954–959 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Adopted son of Guo Wei | 921–959 (aged 38) Conquered Eastern and Southwest China; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Chai Zongxun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 959–960 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Chai Rong | 953–973 (aged 20) Deposed by Emperor Taizu of SongTemplate:Sfnm |
Ten Kingdoms (907–979)
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang Jian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gaozu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
907–918 (Template:Age in years years) |
Rebelled against the Tang in 891, named Prince in 903 and later proclaimed himself emperor in 907 | 847–918 (aged 69) Died of natural causes; known for his great tomb and stone statuesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wang Zongyan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 918–925 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wang Jian | 899–926 (aged 27) Lustful and neglected of government, he was killed by Li CunxuTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yang Xingmi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Taizu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
902–905 (Template:Age in years years) |
Took over Yangzhou in 892 and was named "Prince of Wu" in 902, became independent after the fall of the Tang | 852–905 (aged 53) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yang Wo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 905–908 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Yang Xingmi | 886–908 (aged 22) Killed by Zhang Hao and Xu WenTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yang Longyan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 908–920 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Yang Xingmi, enthroned by Xu Wen | 897–920 (aged 23) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yang Pu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 920–937 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Yang Xingmi and enthroned by Xu Zhigao (Li Bian), declared himself Emperor in 927 | 901–938 (aged 37) Forced to abdicate to Li Bian of Southern Tang; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma Yin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wumu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
907–930 (Template:Age in years years) |
A carpenter who rose from the ranks to become prefect of Tanzhou in 896, he was named Prince in 927 by Li Siyuan | 852–930 (aged 78) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ma Xisheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince of Hengyang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
930–932 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Ma Yin | 899–932 (aged 33) An admirer of Zhu Wen, he cooked 50 chickens a day; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ma Xifan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wenzhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
932–947 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Ma Yin, didn't assume his title until later in his reign | 899–947 (aged 48) Known for his extravagance and his building projects; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ma Xiguang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 947–951 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Ma Yin | Died in 951
Deposed and later killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ma Xi'e Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 951 (less than a year) |
Son of Ma Yin | Deposed by his brother, fate unknownTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ma Xichong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 951 (less than a year) |
Son of Ma Yin | Deposed by the Southern Tang with the help of Xi’e's supporters, fate unknownTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qian Liu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wusu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
907–932 (Template:Age in years years) |
Named "Prince of Wuyue" by Later Liang | 852–932 (aged 80) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Qian Yuanguan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Wensu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
932–941 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Qian Liu | 887–941 (aged 54) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Qian Hongzuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Zhongxian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
941–947 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Qian Yuanguan | 928–947 (aged 69) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Qian Hongzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Zhongxun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
947–early 948 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Qian Yuanguan | Template:Circa 929–Template:Circa 971 (aged approx. 42) Deposed by general Hu Jinsi, fate unknownTemplate:Sfnm |
| Qian Chu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Prince Zhongyi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
978 (less than a year) |
Son of Qian Yuanguan | 929–988 (aged 59) Surrendered to the Song dynasty, died of sudden illness or poisoningTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang Shenzhi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Taizu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
909–925 (Template:Age in years years) |
Younger brother of warlord Wang Chao, named wang of Min by Later Liang | 862–925 (aged 63) One of the most peaceful reign periods of the period; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wang Yanhan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 926–927 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wang Shenzhi | Died in 927
Killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wang Yanjun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Huizong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
927–935 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wang Shenzhi, proclaimed Prince in 928 and later Emperor in 933 | Died in 935
Killed by his sonTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wang Jipeng Script error: No such module "Lang". Wang Chang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Kangzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
935–939 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wang Yanjun | Died in 939
A devout Taoist, he was killed in a coupTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wang Yanxi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Jingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
939–944 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Wang Shenzhi | Died in 944
A despotic ruler, he was killed by Lian Chongyu and his associatesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Wang Yanzheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gongyi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
945 (less than a year) |
Proclaimed himself "Prince of Yin" to rival his brother Wang Yanxi | Died in 945
Defeated by Southern Tang, died of natural causes in captivityTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Yan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gaozu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
917–942 (Template:Age in years years) |
Took over of Guangzhou in 911, proclaimed himself Emperor of Yue (renamed "Han" in 918) | 889–942 (aged 63) A despotic and extravagant ruler; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Bin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 942–943 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Liu Yan | 920–943 (aged 63) An hedonistic ruler; he was killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Sheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zhongzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
943–958 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Liu Yan | 920–958 (aged 38) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Chang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 958–971 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Liu Sheng | 943–980 (aged 37) Another hedonistic ruler, he surrendered to the Song army and was sparedTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal Name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gao Jixing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 924–early 929 (Template:Age in years years) |
Named King of Nanping by Later Tang in 924, ruled under the vassalage of Wu | 858–929 (aged 71) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gao Conghui Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 929–948 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Gao Jixing | 891–948 (aged 57) A weak ruler, he was nicknamed "Gao the Jerk" (高賴子); died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gao Baorong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 948–960 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Gao Conghui | 920–960 (aged 40) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gao Baoxu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 960–962 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Gao Conghui, effective ruler during the reign of his brother | 924–962 (aged 38) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gao Jichong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 962–963 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Gao Baorong | 943–973 (aged 30) Surrendered to the Song but sparedTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal Name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meng Zhixiang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Gaozu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
934 (less than a year) |
Later Tang governor from 926, proclaimed King in 933 and later Emperor in 93 | 874–934 (aged 60) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Meng Chang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 934–965 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Meng Zhixiang | 919–965 (aged 60) Defeated by the Song dynasty, died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal Name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Bian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Liezu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
937–943 (Template:Age in years years) |
Adopted son of Xu Wen, proclaimed himself Emperor after overthrowing the Yang Wu | 888–943 (aged 55) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yuanzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
943–961 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Li Bian | 888–943 (aged 55) Conquered Min and Chu, but failed to ward the attacks of Later Zhou. A distinguished poet, he died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Li Yu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
— | 961–976 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Li Jing | 937–978 (aged 41) A master of the ci poetry, he surrendered to the Song dynasty but was sparedTemplate:Sfnm |
| Personal Name | Temple name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Chong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Shizu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
951–954 (Template:Age in years years) |
Cousin of Liu Zhiyuan of Later Tang, proclaimed himself Emperor | 895–954 (aged 59) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Jun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Ruizong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
954–968 (Template:Age in years years) |
Son of Liu Chong | 926–968 (aged 42) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn |
| Liu Ji'en Script error: No such module "Lang". |
– | 968 (less than a year) |
Adopted son of Liu Jun | 935–968 (aged 33) Killed by Hou BarongTemplate:Sfnm |
| Liu Jiyuan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yingwu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
968–979 (Template:Age in years years) |
Adopted son of Liu Jun | 956–991 (aged 35) Surrendered to the Song and sparedTemplate:Sfnm |
Late imperial China
Song dynasty (960–1279)
Script error: No such module "Main list". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Portrait | Temple name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Song (960–1127)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | |||||
| File:Song Taizu.jpg | Taizu Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Kuangyin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
4 February 960 – 14 November 976 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Proclaimed emperor after deposing Chai Zongxun of Later Zhou. Unified most of China under his rule | 21 March 927 – 14 November 976 (aged 49) Significantly reduced the power of the military in favor of civilian officers. Died in uncertain circumstances, probably illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Emperor Taizong of Song.tif | Taizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Jiong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
14 November 976 – 8 May 997 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Younger brother of Taizu | 20 November 939 – 8 May 997 (aged 57) Conquered the last remaining Chinese state in 978, but failed the reconquer former Tang territories, like Vietnam. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Song Zhenzong.jpg | Zhenzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Heng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 May 997 – 23 March 1022 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Taizong | 23 December 968 – 23 March 1022 (aged 53) Suffered significant defeats to the northern Liao dynasty, leading to the Chanyuan Treaty. Died after a prolonged period of illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Song Renzong.jpg | Renzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Zhen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 March 1022 – 30 April 1063 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhenzong | 30 May 1010 – 30 April 1063 (aged 52) Ruled under the regency of Empress Liu until 1033. His long reign, the longest of the Song dynasty, saw several developments in culture, philosophy and artsTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Song Yingzong 1.jpg | Yingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zhao Shu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1 May 1063 – 25 January 1067 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhao Yunrang, a grandson of Emperor Taizong, and adopted son of Emperor Renzong | 16 February 1032 – 25 January 1067 (aged 34) Ruled initially under the regency of Empress Dowager Cao. Died after several years of illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Shenzong.jpg | Shenzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zhao Xu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
25 January 1067 – 1 April 1085 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yingzong | 25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085 (aged 36) Best known by the implementation of the "New Policies". Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Zhezong.jpg | Zhezong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zhao Xu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1 April 1085 – 23 February 1100 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shenzong | 4 January 1077 – 23 February 1100 (aged 23) Ruled under the regency of Empress Dowager Gao until 1093. Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Seated Portrait of Emperor Song Huizong.tif | Huizong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Zhao Ji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 February 1100 – 18 January 1126 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shenzong | 7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135 (aged 52) A remarkable patron of the arts and an artist himself, but a weak ruler and politician. Abdicated during the Jurchen Jin siege of Kaifeng. Captured by the Jin shortly after; died in captivityTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Songqinzong Chinghong.jpg | Qinzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Huan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 January 1126 – 25 March 1127 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Huizong | 23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161 (aged 62) Refused to negotiate with the Jin, which led to a second invasion. Captured alongside his father during the Jingkang incident; died in captivityTemplate:Sfnm |
Southern Song (1127–1279)Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". | |||||
| File:Song Gaozong.png | Gaozong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Gou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
12 June 1127 – 24 July 1162 (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Huizong, proclaimed emperor in Jiankang after fleeing the Jurchen invasion of the North | 12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187 (aged 80) A competent ruler that managed to preserve the Song dynasty, but often criticized for his military defeats and political failures. Abdicated in favor of his adopted son, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known by his personal name | Zhao Fu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
March – April 1129 (1 month or less) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Gaozong, proclaimed emperor during a mutiny | An infant installed by officers Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan. They lost power within a monthTemplate:Sfnm | |
| File:Xiaozong.jpg | Xiaozong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao ShenTemplate:Efn Script error: No such module "Lang". |
24 July 1162 – 18 February 1189 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhao Zicheng, a descendant of the first Song Emperor, and adopted son of Gaozong | 27 November 1127 – 28 June 1194 (aged 66) Often regarded as the most peaceful and stable ruler of the Southern Song. Abdicated in favour of his son, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Guangzong.jpg | Guangzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Dun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 February 1189 – 24 July 1194 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xiaozong | 30 September 1147 – 17 September 1200 (aged 53) Forced to abdicate in favor of his son, allegedly because of his mental instability. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Song Ningzong 1.png | Ningzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Kuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
24 July 1194 – 17 September 1224 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Guangzong | 19 November 1168 – 17 September 1224 (aged 55) A weak and indecisive ruler who spent most of his life in isolation at the palace. Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Song Lizong.jpg | Lizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Yun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
17 September 1224 – 16 November 1264 (Template:Age in years, months and days) |
Son of Zhao Xilu, a descendant of the first Song Emperor, Taizu | 26 January 1205 – 16 November 1264 (aged 59) An emperor devoted to philosophy and the arts, he had to face the first Mongol incursions following the fall of the Jin. Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Duzong.jpg | Duzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Qi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 November 1264 – 12 August 1274 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Zhao Yurui, a brother of Lizong | 2 May 1240 – 12 August 1274 (aged 34) Relegated most imperial duties to his officers. Died of sudden illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Song Gongdi2.jpg | Gongzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
12 August 1274 – 21 February 1276 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Duzong | 2 November 1270 – 1323
Ruled under the regency of Empress Xie, who was forced to surrender to the Mongols. Became a monk in Tibet, but was later executed of forced to commit suicide; died in GansuTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:ZhaoShiDuanzong.png | Duanzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhao Shi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
14 June 1276 – 8 May 1278 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Duzong, proclaimed emperor in Fuzhou after the fall of the capital | 1268 – 8 May 1278 (aged 10) Spent most of his life fleeing from the Mongols by sea. Died of illness after barely surviving the sinking of his shipTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Song Modi.jpg | None, known by his personal name | Zhao Bing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
10 May 1278 – 19 March 1279 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Duzong | 1271 – 19 March 1279 (aged 8) Thrown into the Xi River during the Battle of Yamen alongside several soldiers and officers as part of a mass suicideTemplate:Sfnm |
Northern regimes (916–1234)
Liao dynasty (916–1125)
Script error: No such module "Main list". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Temple name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taizu Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Abaoji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 February 907 – 6 September 926 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Led the Yelü clan as Khagan to unite the Khitan people | 872 – 6 September 926 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Taizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Deguang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 December 927 – 15 May 947 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Taizu | 902 – 15 May 947 (aged Template:Age in years) Died from a sudden illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Ruan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 May 947 – 7 October 951 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Taizu | 918 – 7 October 951 (aged Template:Age in years) Murdered by his cousin in a coup d'étatTemplate:Sfnm |
| Muzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 October 951 – 12 March 969 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Taizong | 931 – 12 March 969 (aged Template:Age in years) Killed by his personal attendantsTemplate:Sfnm |
| Jingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
13 May 969 – 13 October 982 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shizong | 948 – 13 October 982 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of illness on a hunting tripTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shengzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Longxu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
14 October 982 – 25 June 1031 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Jingzong | 971 – 25 June 1031 (aged Template:Age in years) Longest reigning Liao ruler, though he was controlled by his mother Xiao Yanyan until 1009. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Zongzhen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
25 June 1031 – 28 August 1055 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shengzong | 1016 – 28 August 1055 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Daozong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Yelü Hongji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 August 1055 – 12 February 1101 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xingzong | 1032 – 12 February 1101 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known by his posthumous name: Tianzuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Yelü Yanxi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
12 February 1101 – 6 September 1125 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Daozong | 1075 – after 6 September 1125 (aged Template:Age in years) Died in captivity from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
Western Xia (1038–1227)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Temple nameTemplate:Efn | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Yuanhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1038 – 1048Template:Efn (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of the Tangut leader Li Deming | 1003–1048Template:Efn (aged Template:Age in years) Assassinated by his son, Ningling GeTemplate:Sfnm |
| Yizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Liangzuo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1048 – January 1068 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Jingzong | 1047 – January 1068 (aged Template:Age in years) Infant emperor whose reign was controlled by Lady Mozang and later Mozang Epang. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Huizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Bingchang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
January 1068 – 21 August 1086 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yizong | 1061 – 21 August 1086 (aged Template:Age in years) Struggled with his mother for power throughout his reign. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Chongzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Qianshun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 November 1086 – 1 July 1139 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Huizong | 1084 – 1 July 1139 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Renzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Renxiao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
July 1139 – 16 October 1193 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Chongzong | 1124 – 16 October 1193 (aged Template:Age in years) Longest ruling ruler of the dynasty. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Huanzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Chunyou Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1193 – 1 March 1206 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Renzong | 1177 – 1 March 1206 (aged Template:Age in years) Overthrown in a coup d'état led by Xiangzong. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xiangzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Anquan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
March 1206 – 13 September 1211 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Renzong | 1170 – 13 September 1211 (aged Template:Age in years) Suffered many losses from the Mongols. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shenzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Li Zunxu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
12 August 1211 – 1223 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Descendant of Jingzong | 1163 – 1226 (aged Template:Age in years) Abdicated amid Mongol invasions. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xianzong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Li Dewang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1223 – August 1226 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shenzong | 1181 – August 1226 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, known by his personal name | Li Xian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1226 – 1227 (1 year or less) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Shenzong | ? – 1227 (aged ?) Killed by the MongolsTemplate:Sfnm |
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Temple name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taizu Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Wanyan Min Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 January 1115 – 19 September 1123 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Helibo from the Wanyan tribe | 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123 (aged Template:Age in years) Conquered the Liao dynastyTemplate:Sfnm |
| Taizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Wanyan Sheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 September 1123 – 7 February 1135 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Brother of Taizu | 1075 – 7 February 1135 (aged Template:Age in years) Sacked the North Song dynasty's capital. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Wanyan Dan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 February 1135 – 9 January 1150 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Taizu | 1119 – 9 January 1150 (aged Template:Age in years) Assassinated by his chancellor and successor Wanyan LiangTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, informally known as Prince of Hailing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Wanyan Liang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
9 January 1150 – 15 December 1161 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Taizu | 1122 – 15 December 1161 (aged Template:Age in years) Assassinated by his military commanders after losing the Battle of CaishiTemplate:Sfnm |
| Shizong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Wanyan Yong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 October 1161 – 20 January 1189 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Taizu | 1123 – 20 January 1189 (aged Template:Age in years) Had the longest and most stable reign of the dynastyTemplate:Sfnm |
| Zhangzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Wanyan Jing Script error: No such module "Lang". |
20 January 1189 – 29 December 1208 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Shizong | 31 August 1168 – 29 December 1208 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| None, informally known as Prince Shao of Wei Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Wanyan Yongji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
29 December 1208 – 11 September 1213 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shizong | ? – 11 September 1213Template:Efn (aged ?) Assassinated under the orders of the general Template:IllTemplate:Sfnm |
| Xuanzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Wanyan Xun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
22 September 1213 – 14 January 1224 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Shizong | 1163 – 14 January 1224 (aged Template:Age in years) Suffered heavy losses from the Mongols. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Aizong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Wanyan Shouxu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
15 January 1224 – 8 February 1234 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuanzong | 25 September 1198 – 9 February 1234 (aged Template:Age in years) Committed suicide amid Mongol invasionsTemplate:Sfnm |
| Mo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Wanyan Chenglin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
9 February 1234 (less than a day) |
Descendant of Helibo | ? – 9 February 1234 (aged ?) The shortest reigning Chinese monarch, ruled for less than a day. Died during the Mongol conquest of the JinTemplate:Sfnm |
Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
Script error: No such module "Main list". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Portrait | Khan name | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg | Setsen Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". better known as Kublai Khan Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Kublai Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 December 1271 – 18 February 1294 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Genghis Khan; declared emperor after defeating the Song in the Battle of Yamen | 23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294 (aged Template:Age in years) Fully conquered the Song dynasty, won the Toluid Civil War, moved the capital to Khanbaliq and employed Marco PoloTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:YuanEmperorAlbumTemurOljeituPortrait.jpg | Öljeytü Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Temür Script error: No such module "Lang". |
10 May 1294 – 10 February 1307 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Kublai | 15 October 1265 – 10 February 1307 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:YuanEmperorAlbumQaishanKulugPortrait.jpg | Külüg Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Haishan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
21 June 1307 – 27 January 1311 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-grandson of Kublai | 4 August 1281 – 27 January 1311 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:YuanEmperorAlbumAyurbarvadaBuyantuPortrait.jpg | Buyantu Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Ayurbarwada Script error: No such module "Lang". |
7 April 1311 – 1 March 1320 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-grandson of Kublai | 9 April 1285 – 1 March 1320 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Gegeen Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Shidibala Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 April 1320 – 4 September 1323 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Ayurbarwada | 22 February 1302 – 4 September 1323 (aged Template:Age in years) Killed in a coup led by Template:IllTemplate:Sfnm | |
| None, known either by his personal or era name | Borjigin Yesün Temür Script error: No such module "Lang". |
4 October 1323 – 15 August 1328 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Great-Grandson of Kublai | 28 November 1293 – 15 August 1328Template:Efn (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm | |
| None, known either by his personal or era name | Borjigin Ragibagh Script error: No such module "Lang". |
October 1328 – 14 November 1328 (Template:Age in years and months) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yesün | 1320 – 14 November 1328 (aged Template:Age in years) Child emperor; probably murdered amid the War of the Two CapitalsTemplate:Sfnm | |
| File:YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg | Jayaatu Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Tugh Temür Script error: No such module "Lang". |
16 October 1328 – 26 February 1329 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Külüg | 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332 (aged Template:Age in years) Abdicated in favor of his brother Khutughtu KhanTemplate:Sfnm |
| Khutughtu Khan | Khutughtu Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Kusala Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 February 1329 – 30 August 1329 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Külüg | 22 December 1300 – 30 August 1329 (aged Template:Age in years) Briefly ruled before killed by El TemürTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg | Jayaatu Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". (second reign) |
Borjigin Tugh Temür Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 September 1329 – 2 September 1332 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Külüg | 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332 (aged Template:Age in years) A patron of the arts and scholarship, his reign was dominated by the ministers El Temür and Bayan of the Merkid. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:YuanEmperorAlbumIrinchinbalPortrait.jpg | None, known by his personal name
Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Rinchinbal Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 October 1332 – 14 December 1332 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Khutughtu | 1 May 1326 – 14 December 1332 (aged Template:Age in years) Child emperor; died of sudden illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| Ukhaghatu Khan Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Borjigin Toghon Temür Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 July 1333 – 10 September 1368 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Khutughtu | 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
Script error: No such module "Main list". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Portrait | Era name | Personal name | ReignTemplate:Efn | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu.jpg | Hongwu Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Yuanzhang Script error: No such module "Lang". |
23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Born into poverty, he led the Red Turban Rebellions to establish the Ming dynasty | 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398 (aged Template:Age in years) Initiated cultural reconstruction and political reform, also noted for his extreme and violent methods of enforcement. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| Jianwen Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Yunwen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
30 June 1398 – 13 July 1402 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Hongwu | 5 December 1377 – 13 July 1402 (aged Template:Age in years) Overthrown by the future Yongle Emperor, his uncle. Either died in or disappeared after the fires in the Ming Palace.Template:Sfnm | |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Chengzu.jpg | Yongle Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Di Script error: No such module "Lang". |
17 July 1402 – 12 August 1424 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Hongwu | 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424 (aged Template:Age in years) Raised the Ming to its highest power. Patron of many projects, including the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, Yongle Encyclopedia and the Ming treasure voyages. Died of natural causes.Template:Sfnm |
| File:MingRenzongPortrait.jpg | Hongxi Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Gaochi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
7 September 1424 – 29 May 1425 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yongle | 16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425 (aged Template:Age in years) Focused primarily on domestic affairs. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xuanzong.jpg | Xuande Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Zhanji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 June 1425 – 31 January 1435 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Hongxi | 16 March 1399 – 31 January 1435 (aged Template:Age in years) A noted painter. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Yingzong.jpg | known by his temple: Yingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Qizhen 朱祁镇 |
7 February 1435 – 1 September 1449 (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuande | 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464 (aged Template:Age in years) His reign was dominated by eunuchs, particularly Wang Zhen, which led to growing instability. Captured by the Northern Yuan dynasty during the Tumu Crisis.Template:Sfnm |
| Jingtai Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Qiyu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
22 September 1449 – 24 February 1457 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuande | 11 September 1428 – 14 March 1457 (aged Template:Age in years) Briefly ruled while his brother was held captive; deposed soon after. Died a month later, possibly from murder.Template:Sfnm | |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Yingzong.jpg | Yingzong Script error: No such module "Lang". (second reign) |
Zhu Qizhen 朱祁镇 |
11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464 (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xuande | 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464 (aged Template:Age in years) Restored to power after his release. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xianzong.jpg | Chenghua Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Jianshen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 February 1464 – 9 September 1487 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yingzong | 9 December 1447 – 9 September 1487 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Hongzhi.jpg | Hongzhi Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Youcheng Script error: No such module "Lang". |
22 September 1487 – 8 June 1505 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Chenghua | 30 July 1470 – 9 June 1505 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Ming Wuzong.jpg | Zhengde Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Houzhao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 June 1505 – 20 April 1521 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Hongzhi | 14 November 1491 – 20 April 1521 (aged Template:Age in years) His reign saw the rise of influence from eunuchs, particularly Liu Jin. Probably drowned after his boat sank.Template:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Jiajing.jpg | Jiajing Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Houcong Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 May 1521 – 23 January 1567 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Grandson of Chenghua, cousin of Zhengde | 16 September 1507 – 23 January 1567 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:明穆宗坐像 軸.jpg | Longqing Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Zaiji Script error: No such module "Lang". |
4 February 1567 – 5 July 1572 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Jiajing | 4 March 1537 – 5 July 1572 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Ming Shenzong (1).jpg | Wanli Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Yijun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
19 July 1572 – 18 August 1620 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Longqing | 4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620 (aged Template:Age in years) Despite early successes, the gradual decline of Ming began towards the end of his reign. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Ming Guangzong.jpg | Taichang Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Changluo Script error: No such module "Lang". |
28 August – 26 September 1620 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Wanli | 28 August 1582 – 26 September 1620 (aged Template:Age in years) Died suddenly after a reign of around a month, possibly murdered by poisonTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:明熹宗坐像.tiff | Tianqi Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Youjiao Script error: No such module "Lang". |
1 October 1620 – 30 September 1627 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Taichang | 23 December 1605 – 30 September 1627 (aged Template:Age in years) A weak ruler, his reign was dominated by the eunuch Wei Zhongxian. Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm |
| Chongzhen Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Zhu Youjian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
2 October 1627 – 25 April 1644 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Taichang, brother of Tianqi | 6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644 (aged Template:Age in years) Committed suicide, possibly by hanging himself on a tree.Template:Sfnm | |
Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
Script error: No such module "Main list". Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".
| Portrait | Era name | Personal name | ReignTemplate:Efn | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:清 佚名 《清世祖顺治皇帝朝服像》.jpg | Shunzhi Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Fulin Script error: No such module "Lang". |
8 November 1644 – 5 February 1661 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Hong Taiji; chosen by a council of Manchu princes | 15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661 (aged Template:Age in years) Finished the Manchu conquest of the Ming, pushing the remaining Ming sympathizers to the South. Died suddenly of smallpoxTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg | Kangxi Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Xuanye Script error: No such module "Lang". |
5 February 1661 – 20 December 1722 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Shunzhi | 4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722 (aged Template:Age in years) Longest ruling Chinese emperor. Expanded the empire's territory, and commissioned both the Kangxi Dictionary and Complete Tang Poems. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:Portrait of the Yongzheng Emperor in Court Dress.jpg | Yongzheng Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen Script error: No such module "Lang". |
27 December 1722 – 8 October 1735 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Kangxi | 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735 (aged Template:Age in years) Ruled for a relatively short period, establishing the Grand Council. Probably died of alchemical elixir poisoning; death officially recorded as natural causes.Template:SfnmTemplate:Efn |
| File:清 郎世宁绘《清高宗乾隆帝朝服像》.jpg | Qianlong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Hongli Script error: No such module "Lang". |
18 October 1735 – 9 February 1796 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Yongzheng | 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799 (aged Template:Age in years) Brought the empire to its height. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg | Jiaqing Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Yongyan Script error: No such module "Lang". |
9 February 1796 – 2 September 1820 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Qianlong | 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820 (aged Template:Age in years) Died suddenly from apoplexyTemplate:Sfnm |
| A man in a grey suit, white shirt and dark tie, he has a birthmark on his forehead | Daoguang Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Minning Script error: No such module "Lang". |
3 October 1820 – 26 February 1850 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Jiaqing | 16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850 (aged Template:Age in years) An ineffective ruler who led a highly unstable reign, marked by the First Opium War and the early Taiping Rebellion. Probably died from a strokeTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:《咸丰皇帝朝服像》.jpg | Xianfeng Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Yizhu Script error: No such module "Lang". |
9 March 1850 – 22 August 1861 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Daoguang | 17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861 (aged Template:Age in years) The last Chinese emperor to have personal power for the entirety of his reign, which was unstable after the Taiping Rebellion, Nian Rebellion and Second Opium War. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:清 佚名 《清穆宗同治皇帝朝服像》.jpg | Tongzhi Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Zaichun Script error: No such module "Lang". |
11 November 1861 – 12 January 1875 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Son of Xianfeng | 27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875 (aged Template:Age in years) Reign was completely dominated by Empress Dowager Cixi, who initiated the Tongzhi Restoration. Died suddenly, under suspicious circumstancesTemplate:Sfnm |
| File:The Imperial Portrait of Emperor Guangxu2.jpg | Guangxu Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Zaitian Script error: No such module "Lang". |
25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Cousin of Tongzhi | 14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908 (aged Template:Age in years) Initiated the failed Hundred Days' Reform, and from 1898 on, his reign was completely dominated by Empress Dowager Cixi. Died of poisoning, possibly from Cixi.Template:Sfnm |
| File:Xuantong.jpg | Xuantong Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Collapsible list |
Aisin-Gioro Puyi Script error: No such module "Lang". |
2 December 1908 – 12 February 1912 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list |
Nephew of Guangxu | 7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967 (aged Template:Age in years) Reigned as a young child, but was forced to abdicate in 1912 amid the 1911 Revolution, ending the 2,000-year monarchial system of Imperial China. Died of natural causes.Template:Sfnm |
| For the subsequent heads of state of China, see List of presidents of the Republic of China and List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China | |||||
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
- Ancient Era
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- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Early Imperial Era
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Template:Refend Six Dynasties & Mid Imperial Era Template:Refbegin
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- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- Late Imperial Era
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- Template:Cite Cambridge History of China
- General
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading
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