Streptaxidae

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Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.

Streptaxidae are monophyletic while all subfamilies and several genera are polyphyletic. [1]

Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.

Streptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species Edentulina moreleti, which is herbivorous.[2] All streptaxids have well-developed radula, except Careoradula perelegans, which is the only known terrestrial gastropod without radula.[3]

Altogether 66 species from the family Streptaxidae are listed in the 2010 IUCN Red List.[4]

Distribution

The historical area of origin of the Streptaxidae is probably Gondwanaland.[5]

The family is widely distributed across the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa and Asia.[6] The Recent native distribution of Streptaxidae includes South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mayotte, Comores, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, India, Sri Lanka, Andamans, South-East Asia and the Philippines.[7] The genus Gibbulinella is found in the Canary Islands.[7]

The species diversity of Streptaxidae reaches its maximum in sub-Saharan Africa.[6]

With 13 genera and about 130 nominal species, the second most diverse streptaxid fauna can be found in Southeast Asia.[6] Streptaxidae are the most diverse among tropical Asian carnivorous snails.[6] In Indochina, streptaxid diversity was thought to comprise only 10 genera and about 40 species in 1967.[8] However, in 2006–2016, 21 new species (more than half the previous total) and one new genus had been described from Indochina.[8] Thirty-seven species are recorded from Thailand, 10 from Myanmar, 45 from Vietnam,[8][9] and 12 from Laos.[8]

Description

Streptaxids can generally be recognized by their eccentric or cylindrical shells, while the animals have a bright yellow to red or orange body with external hook-like structures on the everted penis.[6]

Early classifications of the family such as Wilhelm Kobelt (1905–6), used mainly shell shape and the arrangement of apertural dentition.[8] However, many shell characters are highly conserved or occur recurrently, making some species and genera difficult to separate.[8] The reproductive organs of streptaxids can also be taxonomically significant.[8]

Taxonomy

Prior to Schileyko's revision in 2000 only two subfamilies, the Streptaxinae and the Enneinae had been recognized, which were primarily based on their shell morphology.[6]

2005 taxonomy

Only the one family, Streptaxidae, was recognized within the Streptaxoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).[10]

There are 7 subfamilies in the family Streptaxidae according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, that follows Schileyko (2000):[11]

  • Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883[12] - synonym: Streptostelidae Bourguignat, 1889
  • Gulellinae Rowson, 2024
  • Marconiinae Schileyko, 2000[13]
  • Odontartemoninae Schileyko, 2000[14]
  • Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921[15] - synonyms: Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936; Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936
  • Primigulellinae Rowson, 2024
  • Streptaxinae Gray, 1860 - synonym: Artemonidae Bourguignat, 1889
Synonyms
  • Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919:[16] synonym of Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883

2010 taxonomy

Sutcharit et al. (2010)[7] have established a new family Diapheridae within Streptaxoidea and they have added two genera Diaphera and Sinoennea into Diapheridae.[7]

The later review "A review of the Diapheridae" in 2020 by Páll-Gergely, B., Hunyadi, A., Grego, J., Sajan, S., Tripathy, B. & Chen, Z.-Y. showed the family Diapheridae to stand separate from Streptaxidae. [17]

In the recent decades, most of the taxonomic and systematic research on streptaxids has been performed on sub-Saharan African taxa.[6] Only a few publications focus on South American or Asian groups.[6]

Genera

Genera in the family Streptaxidae include:

Enneinae

Gulellinae

Marconiinae

Odontartemoninae

Orthogibbinae

Primigulellinae

Streptaxinae

Unsorted to subfamily

Notes

Synonyms

  • Subfamily Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
  • Subfamily Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
  • Subfamily Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883
  • Aberdaria Blume, 1965: synonym of Primigulella Pilsbry, 1919 (junior synonym)
  • Acanthenna: synonym of Acanthennea E. von Martens, 1898 (misspelling)
  • Adjua Chaper, 1885: synonym of Ptychotrema (Adjua) Chaper, 1885 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853 (original rank)
  • Alcidia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837
  • Artemon H. Beck, 1837: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837
  • Campylaxis Ancey, 1888: synonym of Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
  • Carychiopsis E. von Martens, 1895: synonym of Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
  • Colpanostoma Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890 (junior synonym)
  • Conogulella Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Gulella (Conogulella) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Gulella L. Pfeiffer, 1856
  • Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855[7] - type genus of the subfamily : synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
  • Enneastrum L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
  • Eustreptaxis L. Pfeiffer, 1878: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837 (objective junior synonym)
  • Eustreptostele Germain, 1915: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) Ancey, 1885: synonym of Tomostele Ancey, 1885
  • Gibbonsia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Gigantaxis Tomlin, 1930: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890 (junior primary homonym of Gibbonsia Cooper, 1864)
  • Gibbulina Beck, 1837: synonym of Gibbus Montfort, 1810 (invalid; unnecessary replacement name for Gibbus Monfort, 1810)
  • Gigantaxis Tomlin, 1930:[7] synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
  • Haplonepion Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Ptychotrema (Haplonepion) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
  • Huttonella Pfeiffer, 1855:[7] synonym of Gulella (Huttonella) L. Pfeiffer, 1856 represented as Gulella L. Pfeiffer, 1856
  • Idolum L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of Gonidomus Swainson, 1840 (junior synonym)
  • Indoennea Kobelt, 1904:[7] synonym of Sinoennea Kobelt, 1904 (junior synonym)
  • Ischnostele C. R. Boettger, 1915: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) Bourguignat, 1883 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
  • Luntia E.A. Smith, 1898: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) Ancey, 1885: synonym of Tomostele Ancey, 1885 (junior synonym)
  • Marconia Bourguignat, 1889[7] - type genus of the subfamily: synonym of Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877 (junior synonym)
  • Macrogonaxis Bequaert & Clench, 1936[22]:[7] synonym of Tayloria (Macrogonaxis) Thiele, 1932 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
  • Marconia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877 (junior synonym)
  • Maurennea:[7] synonym of Gulella (Maurennea) Schileyko, 2000 represented as Gulella L. Pfeiffer, 1856
  • Nevillia E. von Martens, 1880: synonym of Microstrophia Möllendorff, 1887 (junior homonym of Nevillia H. Adams, 1868)
  • † Oppenheimiella Pfeffer, 1930 : synonym of † Pfefferiola Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021 (Invalid: junior homonym of Oppenheimiella Meunier, 1893 [Diptera]; Pfefferiola is a replacement name)
  • Orthogibbus Germain, 1919: synonym of Gonospira Swainson, 1840
  • Parennea Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Ptychotrema (Parennea) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
  • Pseudartemon J. Mabille, 1887: synonym of Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905
  • Raffraya Bourguignat, 1883: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) Bourguignat, 1883 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
  • Sinistrexcisa de Winter, Gómez & Prieto, 1999: synonym of Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
  • Somalitayloria Verdcourt, 1962:[7] synonym of Tayloria (Somalitayloria) Verdcourt, 1962 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
  • Stenomarconia Germain, 1934: synonym of Gonaxis (Stenomarconia) Germain, 1934 represented as Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877
  • Thaumatogulella F. Haas, 1951: synonym of Mirellia Thiele, 1933
  • Varicostele Pilsbry, 1919:[7] synonym of Streptostele (Varicostele) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
  • Webbia Odhner, 1932: synonym of Gibbulinella Wenz, 1920

See also

References

This article includes CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[6] and CC-BY-4.0 from the reference[8]

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  1. ↑ Dadagulella is placed here, because Dadagulella and Gulella are supposed to be sister groups.

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  1. ↑ Rowson, Ben. Systematics and diversity of the Streptaxidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): With particular reference to the East African region. Cardiff University (United Kingdom), 2010.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 September 2010.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Gerlach J. & Bruggen A. C. van (1999). "Streptaxidae Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata of the Seychelles Islands, western Indian Ocean". Zoologische Verhandelingen 328: 1-60. abstract, PDF.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  10. ↑ a b Template:Bouchet 2005
  11. ↑ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae; Chlamydephoridae; Systrophiidae; Haplotrematidae; Streptaxidae; Spiraxidae; Oleacinidae; Testacellidae". Ruthenica Supplement 2 Part 6: 731–880.
  12. ↑ Bourguignat J. R. (1883) Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, serie 6, 15, Art. 2: page 74.
  13. ↑ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 828.
  14. ↑ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 830.
  15. ↑ Germain (1921) Faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile des iles Mascareignes: 415, 461.
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Further reading

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External links

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