Stift

Template:Italic title The term (; Template:Langx) is derived from the verb (to donate) and originally meant 'a donation'. Such donations usually comprised earning assets, originally landed estates with serfs defraying dues (originally often in kind) or with vassal tenants of noble rank providing military services and forwarding dues collected from serfs. In modern times the earning assets could also be financial assets donated to form a fund to maintain an endowment, especially a charitable foundation. When landed estates, donated as a to maintain the college of a monastery, the chapter of a collegiate church or the cathedral chapter of a diocese, formed a territory enjoying the status of an imperial state within the Holy Roman Empire then the term often also denotes the territory itself. In order to specify this territorial meaning the term is then composed with as the compound Hochstift, denoting a prince-bishopric, or for a prince-archbishopric.

Endowment

[plural ] (literally, the 'donation'), denotes in its original meaning the donated or else acquired fund of landed estates whose revenues are taken to maintain a college and the pertaining church (, i.e. collegiate church) and its collegiate or capitular canons (Stiftsherr[en]) or canonesses (Stiftsfrau[en]). Many as endowments have been secularised in Protestant countries in the course of the Reformation, or later in revolutionary France and the areas later annexed to or influenced by Napoleonic France.

Ecclesiastical endowment

Some survived and still form the endowments of modern mostly Catholic monasteries, then often called " X", such as Stift Melk. is often used – pars pro toto – as a synonym for an endowed monastery. If the endowment belongs to a collegiate church it is sometimes called . If the as a fund served or serves to maintain the specific college of a cathedral (a so-called cathedral chapter) then the is often called (i.e. 'cathedral donation [fund]'). However, since (like the Italian Duomo) is in German an expression for churches with a college, thus actual cathedrals and collegiate churches alike, also existed with collegiate churches not being cathedrals, like with the Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church in Berlin, now often translated as Berlin Cathedral, though it never was the seat of a bishop, but endowed with a (in German Dom, as the Italian Duomo, is the main church of a town or a city, not always a Cathedral).

Endowment for unmarried Protestant women

In some Lutheran states the endowments of women's monasteries were preserved, with the nunneries converted into secular convents in order to maintain unmarried or widowed noble women (the so-called conventuals, Template:Langx), therefore called ladies' foundations () or noble damsels' foundations (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx). Many of these convents were dissolved in Communist countries after the Second World War, but, in Denmark and the former West Germany, many continue to exist, such as the Stift Fischbeck. In Lower Saxony the former endowments of many Lutheran women's convents are collectively administered by the Klosterkammer Hannover, a governmental department, while others maintain their endowments independently or their endowments are administered by a collective body consisting of the noble families of a former principality (e.g. Neuenwalde Convent or Preetz Priory). Some of these charitable institutions which previously accepted only female members of noble families now also accept residents from other social classes.

General charitable endowment

Many secular or religious ancient or modern charitable endowments of earning assets in order to maintain hospitals or homes for the elderly, for orphans, for widows, for the poor, for the blind or for people with other handicaps bear the name , often combined with the name of the main donators or the beneficiaries, such as (endowment for the elderly; see e.g. Cusanusstift, a hospital).

Educational endowment

Similar to the English development, where canon-law colleges with their endowments became sometimes the nuclei for secular educational colleges the former Augustinian collegiate endowment in Tübingen is maintained until today as the Tübinger Stift, a foundation of the Lutheran Evangelical State Church in Württemberg for the theological education. The Catholic church has similar institutions, such as the Wilhelmsstift, also in Tübingen. A modern example is the Template:Interlanguage link multi, which despite the term is not ecclesiastical, but a civic charitable establishment maintaining the Goethe House in Frankfurt upon Main.

Collegial body or building

is also used – totum pro parte – as the expression for the collegial body of persons (originally canons or canonesses) who administered it and for the building (compound) they used to meet or live in. If the served or serves to maintain the specific college of a cathedral (a so-called cathedral chapter) then the building can be also called .

Territorial entity

Territory of statehood

If a canon-law college or the chapter and/or the bishop of a cathedral managed not only to gain estates and their revenues as a but also the feudal overlordship to them as a secular ruler with imperial recognition, then such ecclesiastical estates (temporalities) formed a territorial principality within the Holy Roman Empire with the rank of an imperial state. The secular territory comprising the donated landed estates () was thus called (analogously translated as prince-bishopric) as opposed to an area of episcopal spiritual jurisdiction, called diocese (). The boundaries of secular prince-bishoprics did usually not correspond to that of the spiritual dioceses. Prince-bishoprics were always much smaller than the dioceses which included (parts of) neighbouring imperial states such as principalities of secular princes and Free Imperial Cities. Prince-bishoprics could also include areas belonging in ecclesiastical respect to other dioceses.

(plural: ) is a compound with ('high') literally meaning 'a high [ranking ecclesiastical] endowment', whereas , a compound with ('arch[i]-'), is the corresponding expression for a prince-archbishopric. For the three prince-electorates of Cologne (Kurköln), Mainz (Kurmainz) and Trier (Kurtrier), which were simultaneously archbishoprics the corresponding expression is (electorate-archbishopric). The adjective pertaining to as a territory is ('of, pertaining to a prince-bishopric; prince-episcopal').

Similar developments as to statehood allowed a number of monasteries (the so-called imperial abbeys) or regular canon colleges (e.g. Berchtesgaden Provostry) with feudal overlordship to (part of) their estates to gain imperial recognition as a principality () too.

Specific prince-bishoprics were often called , as in Hochstift Ermland or in Erzstift Bremen, with meaning 'of/pertaining to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen', as opposed to ('of/pertaining to the city of Bremen'). The spiritual entities, the dioceses, are called in German ('diocese') or ('archdiocese'). The difference between a and a is not always clear to authors so that texts, even scholarly ones, often translate or incorrectly simply as diocese/bishopric or archdiocese/archbishopric, respectively.

Ecclesiastical diocese

In Danish, Norwegian and Swedish the term was adopted as a loan word from German. In an ecclesiastical respect it simply denotes a diocese of a bishop.

Territorial subdivision

At times in Nordic countries, a formed an administrative jurisdiction under a Stiftamtmand (Danish).

Toponym

In the Netherlands the term is usually denoting the Prince-bishopric of Utrecht, which consisted of two separate parts ( and , i.e. upper and lower prince-bishopric) with other territories in between. The German corresponding terms are and .

• Electorate-Archbishopric of Cologne (Kurerzstift Köln):
  • Oberstift, southerly area west of the Rhine with Bonn and Brühl;
  • , a more northerly, separate area with Rheinberg
• Electorate-Archbishopric of Mainz (Kurerzstift Mainz):
  • , the easterly territorially separate Lower Franconian, Hessian and Thuringian part with Aschaffenburg and Erfurt
  • , the westerly Rhenish part with Mainz
• Prince-Bishopric of Münster (Hochstift Münster):
  • , the southerly Westphalian part with Münster in Westphalia
  • , the northerly part, in ecclesiastical respect part of the diocese of Osnabrück
• Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht (Sticht Utrecht):
  • Oversticht, the northerly territorially separate part
  • Nedersticht, the southerly part with Utrecht

In compound nouns

As a component the term today usually takes the copulative "s" when used as a preceding compound. Composite terms frequently found are such as ('vassal nobility of a prince-bishopric'), ('official of a '), ('library [originally] financed with the funds of a collegiate '), ('conventual in a Lutheran women's endowment'), ('feud with a prince-bishopric involved'), ('collegiate canoness'), ('conventual in a Lutheran women's endowment'), Stiftsgymnasium ('high school [originally] financed with the funds of a collegiate '), Stiftsherr ('collegiate canon'), (plural: 'vassal tenant of an estate of a '), ('subject/inhabitant of a prince-bishopric'), ('estates of a prince-bishopric as a realm'), or ('diet of the estates of a prince-bishopric').