Sticta

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Sticta is a genus of lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical areas, and includes about 114 species.[1] These lichens have a leafy appearance, and are colored brown or black. Sticta species with cyanobacteria as photobionts can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, and due to their relative abundance and high turnover, they contribute appreciably to the rainforest ecosystem. They are commonly called spotted felt lichens.[2]

Description

The vegetative bodies of the Sticta, the thalli, are foliose, or leafy in appearance. They typically have dimensions of Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter, although specimens with diameters of up to Script error: No such module "convert". have been recorded. The lobes are rounded, and the upper surface is black or brown, while the lower surface has a light to dark brown layer of fine hairs (a Template:Lichengloss), with a few craters, called Template:Lichengloss. Thalli often smell of shrimp or fish. The vegetative reproductive structures called isidia or soredia are often present on species in this genus; apothecia (cup-shaped spore-bearing structures) are rarely found. Sticta species are usually found growing on bark, wood, or mossy rock.[3]

Template:Lichengloss partners of Sticta species include members of the green algae genera Chloroidium, Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris, Heveochlorella, and Symbiochloris.[4]

The liverwort genus Monoclea contains lichen-like organisms completely unrelated to, but readily confused with Sticta.[5]

Distribution and habitat

Sticta species are primarily tropical in distribution, but some species have been reported from as north as Norway,[6] and as far south as the southern tip of South America.[7]

Most species of Sticta grow on bark, wood, or mossy rock, usually in humid areas.[3]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic analysis of small and large ribosomal RNA subunits has confirmed that the genus Sticta is monophyletic.[8][9]

Indicators of ecological continuity

Some epiphytic lichen species may be used as "ancient woodland indicators"; they can used to quantitatively assess the degree to which a forest has had a long history of canopy continuity.[10] The presence of these species is a reliable indicator that the forest has existed back to early medieval times, without being clear-cut and regrown. Two Sticta species, namely, S. dufournii or the blue-green algal morphotype S. canariensis, are among several species of lichens that may be used to calculate the New Index of Ecological Continuity (NIEC), considered the most sensitive and accurate determination of forest continuity.[11]

Bioactive compounds

A comprehensive comparative study on the antioxidant activity of lichens from Hawaii and Iceland revealed the Hawaiian lichen S. weigelii to be a potent producer of antioxidative compounds.[12]

Species

File:Sticta caperata (48720485562).jpg
Sticta caperata
File:Sticta fragilinata (4752114181).jpg
Sticta fragilinata in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina
File:Sticta limbata 705296.jpg
Sticta limbata

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta acyphellata Moncada & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Hawaii
  • Sticta alpinotropica Aptroot (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] – Papua New Guinea
  • Sticta andina B.Moncada, Lücking & Sérus. (2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] – Colombia
  • Sticta antoniana Moncada & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Hawaii
  • Sticta aongstroemii Dal Forno, Moncada & Lücking (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16] – Brazil
  • Sticta arachnofuliginosa Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta arbuscula Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta arbusculotomentosa Moncada & Betanc. (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta arenosella Di Meglio & Goward (2023)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Sticta atlantica Magain & Sérus. (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] – Europe
  • Sticta atroandensis Moncada & Lücking (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – Colombia
  • Sticta baileyi D.J.Galloway (1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Australia
  • Sticta borinquensis Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta brevior Moncada & Lücking (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – Colombia
  • Sticta brevipes (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1925)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta caliginosa D.J.Galloway (1983)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta camarae Müll.Arg. (1882)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta canariensis (Bory) Bory ex Delise (1822)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta caperata (Nyl.) Nyl. (1863)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta carolinensis T.McDonald (2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23]
  • Sticta ciliata Taylor (1836)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Neotropics; Africa; Macaronesia; Western Europe
  • Sticta corymbosa Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta cyphellulata (Müll.Arg.) Hue (1901)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta dendroides (Nyl.) Moncada, Lücking & de Lange (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta densiphyllidiata Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta deyana Lendemer & Goffinet (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[24] – North America
  • Sticta diversa (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1925)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta duplolimbata (Hue) Vain. (1913)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta emmanueliana Moncada, Lücking & Lumbsch (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Hawaii
  • Sticta fasciculata Di Meglio & Goward (2023)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Sticta filix (Sw.) Nyl. (1867)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta flavireagens (Gyeln.) Diederich & Ertz (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta flavocyphellata D.J.Galloway (1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Australia
  • Sticta flynnii Moncada & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Hawaii
  • Sticta fragilinata T.McDonald (2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23]
  • Sticta fuliginoides Magain & Sérus. (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] – Continental Europe; Canary Islands; eastern North America; Colombia
  • Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach. (1803)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – widespread
  • Sticta fuscotomentosa Moncada, Coca & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta gallowayana Moncada & Lucking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta globulifuliginosa Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta gretae Di Meglio & Goward (2023)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Sticta guilartensis Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta harrisii Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta hawaiiensis Moncada & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Hawaii
  • Sticta henrici B.Moncada, D.Rincón & Lücking (2023)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25] – Colombia
  • Sticta hirsutifuliginosa Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta howei D.J.Galloway (1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Australia
  • Sticta humboldtii Hook. (1822)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta hypopsiloides Nyl. (1861)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26]
  • Sticta indica D.D.Awasthi & Upreti (2010)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – India
  • Sticta isidiokunthii Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta jaguirreana Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta laciniosa D.J.Galloway (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta latifrons A.Rich. (1832)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta leucoblephara (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. (1803)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta lobarioides Moncada & Coca (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Sticta lumbschiana Moncada & Lücking (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – Colombia
  • Sticta macrocyphellata Moncada & Coca (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – Colombia
  • Sticta macrofuliginosa Moncada & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta macrothallina Moncada & Coca (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Sticta maculofuliginosa Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta marginifera Mont. (1842)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta martinii D.J.Galloway (1983)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] – New Zealand
  • Sticta mexicana D.J.Galloway (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta microcyphellata Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta minutula Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta myrioloba (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – Australia
  • Sticta nashii D.J.Galloway (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta neopulmonarioides Moncada & Coca (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Sticta papillata Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta parahumboldtii Moncada & Lücking (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – Colombia
  • Sticta parvilobata Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta pedunculata Kremp. (1874)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta phyllidiifuliginosa Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta phyllidiokunthii Moncada & Lücking (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Sticta plumbeociliata Moncada, A.Suárez & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta pseudohumboldtii Moncada & Lücking (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – Colombia
  • Sticta pseudolobaria Moncada & Coca (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Sticta pulmonarioides Moncada & Coca (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Sticta riparia Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta rhizinata Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta rubropruinosa Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta rutilans (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1925)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta sayeri Müll.Arg. (1888)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[30]
  • Sticta silverstonei Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta sinuosa Pers. (1827)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta smithii Moncada & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Hawaii
  • Sticta stipitata C.Knight (1891)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta subfilicinella Moncada, Coca & Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta sublimbata (J.Steiner) Swinscow & Krog (1983)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta subtomentella (C.Knight ex Shirley) Zahlbr. (1925)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta swartzii D.J.Galloway (1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta sylvatica (Huds.) Ach. (1803)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – continental Europe; Andes (Colombia)
  • Sticta tainorum Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22] – Puerto Rico
  • Sticta tatamana Moncada & Coca (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Sticta tesselata Øvstedal (2010)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[31]
  • Sticta torii Ant.Simon & Goward (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[32]
  • Sticta tunjensis Moncada & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – Colombia
  • Sticta variabilis Ach. (1810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta venosa Lücking, Moncada & Robayo (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sticta viviana Alej.Suárez & Lücking (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[33] – Colombia
  • Sticta waikamoi Moncada & Lücking (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Hawaii
  • Sticta xanthotropa (Kremp.) D.J.Galloway (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Plant Profile for Sticta (spotted felt lichen), USDA
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Gilbert, pp. 70–71.
  11. ↑ Gilbert, pp. 257–59.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

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Cited literature

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Template:Taxonbar

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