Soyuz-2

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SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2 (Template:Langx; GRAU index: 14A14) is a Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major iteration of the Soyuz rocket family. Compared to its predecessors, Soyuz-2 features significant upgrades, including improved engines and a digital flight control system that enables launches from fixed platforms and supports larger payload fairings.

Developed by the Progress Rocket Space Centre (RKTs Progress) in Samara, Soyuz-2 is used to place payloads into low Earth orbit in standard configuration but can also support missions to higher orbits using an additional upper stage, most commonly the Fregat, though the smaller Volga is available as a less expensive option. Since its introduction in 2004, Soyuz-2 has gradually replaced earlier Soyuz variants and is launched from the facilities of its R-7 derived predecessors: Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and Sites 43/3 and 43/4 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia, and, since 2016, Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia.

The SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2 family includes several variants. The base model, SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a, debuted on 8 November 2004, followed by the SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b, with a 15 percent more powerful third stage, on 27 December 2006. A derivative version, [[Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre|SoyuzTemplate:NbhyphST]], was introduced in 2011 with modifications for operation at the Guiana Space Centre, the European Space Agency's launch site in French Guiana. Launches from this site were suspended in 2022 following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

History

The Soyuz-2 project was launched by RKTs Progress with support from the Russian government in the early 1990s as the "Rus" program. In the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the program aimed to consolidate the launch vehicle's subcontractor network within the Russian Federation and transition to fully domestic production. The project evolved into Soyuz-2, introducing technical upgrades to replace the aging Soyuz-U (in service since 1973) and Molniya-M (in service since 1965). These earlier models relied on an analog guidance, navigation, and control systems developed in the 1960s by a Ukrainian firm, the Polisvit Special Design Bureau.[1] The modernization effort also included engine upgrades, allowing for improved performance through newer, more powerful designs.[2]

The Soyuz-2 upgrades included a fully digital flight control system, modernized RD-107A and RD-108A engines with an improved injection system for the boosters and core stage, and a new RD-0124 third-stage engine engine using oxygen-rich staged combustion. These enhancements aimed to increase payload capacity by approximately Script error: No such module "convert"..[2]

Development of the digital control system began in 1993 at NPO Avtomatiki in Yekaterinburg.The new system featured three redundant processing units and dual gyroscopes, significantly improving reliability. According to NPO Avtomatiki's deputy director, participation in the Soyuz-2 program helped save the company.[2]

However, progress slowed during the financial crisis facing the Russian space industry in the late 1990s and early 2000s. As a result, the upgrade plan was divided into phases. The RD-107A and RD-108A engines were introduced early as part of the Soyuz-FG, a transitional design based on the Soyuz-U. The majority of design changes were incorporated into the Soyuz-2.1a, while development of the RD-0124 was delayed and eventually implemented on the Soyuz-2.1b.[2]

Soyuz-2.1a conducted its first suborbital test from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome on 8 November 2004. It made its first operational flight in October 2006, successfully launching the MetOp-A satellite for ESA and EUMETSAT. The Soyuz-2.1b, equipped with the new third-stage, debuted on 27 December 2006. Over time, the Soyuz-2 family replaced its predecessors: Molniya-M in 2010,[3] Soyuz-U in 2017, and Soyuz-FG in 2019.[4][5]

Variants

Soyuz 2.1a

The key advancement of the SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a is its digital flight control system, replacing the analog unit used in previous Soyuz models.[6] The digital system supports enabled mid-flight trajectory adjustments, eliminating the need for rotating launch pads. The system also allows the use of larger payload fairings, enabling the launch of heavier commercial satellites that the analog system could not handle due to the aerodynamic instability the fairings generate.[7]

The rocket uses upgraded RD-107A (boosters) and RD-108A (core) engines, developed for Soyuz-2 but first flown on Soyuz-FG, as their development outpaced the rocket's other upgrades.[8] These engines feature over 1,000 single-component injectors, replacing the older 260 dual-component centrifugal injectors in the earlier RD-107/RD-108, resulting in more efficient combustion and approximately a Script error: No such module "convert". increase in specific impulse, a five percent improvement. Additionally, a chemical ignition system replaced the previous method that relied on placing wooden sticks with a pair of pyrotechnic charges in each combustion chamber.[6][9][10]

The third stage retained the RD-0110 engine, which has flown on most Soyuz variants dating back to the 1960s, but adopted a revised tank structure, shared with Soyuz-2.1b, with slightly enlarged propellant tanks. When combined with the physically lighter and more capable digital flight control system, these changes raised the payload capacity by about Script error: No such module "convert"..[11][12][6]

The SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a conducted its maiden flight on 8 November 2004, launching from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 with a boilerplate payload simulating a Zenit-8 spy satellite.[6]

Soyuz 2.1b

The SoyuzScript error: No such module "String".2.1b retains all upgrades of the 2.1a and introduces a new third stage powered by the RD-0124 engine. Utilizing oxygen-rich staged combustion, the engine increases specific impulse from Script error: No such module "convert".. Although maximum thrust was slightly reduced from Script error: No such module "convert"., the burn time was extended by 20 seconds using the same fuel load, resulting in improved overall performance.

This new third stage significantly improved payload capacity. For example, payload capacity to low Earth orbit from the Baikonur Cosmodrome increased from approximately Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert"., when compared to the 2.1a.[13][14]

The first launch of a SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b occurred from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.[15]

Vostochny modifications

The Soyuz-2 family received specific modifications for operation from the Vostochny Cosmodrome, aimed at improving reliability, compatibility with ground infrastructure, and safety:[16][17]

  • Enhanced Durability: The rocket was modified to remain fueled on the launch pad for up to 100 hours and withstand transport over distances of up to Script error: No such module "convert". from the manufacturing site in Samara to the Russian Far East.
  • Adaptation for Vertical Integration: Structural and piping modifications enable vertical payload integration and safely vent excess propellant outside the Mobile Service Tower, minimizing oxygen vapor buildup inside the gantry.
  • Upgraded Computer: Offers six times the performance, reduced weight, and simplified wiring through multiplexing and shared data buses.[18][19][20]
  • Improved Batteries: New nickel-cadmium batteries eliminate the need for a dedicated charging station.

On 1 October 2015, it was revealed that parts of the assembly complex at Vostochny had been incorrectly designed for a different rocket variant, with some structures too small to accommodate Soyuz-2. This issue cast doubt on the planned inaugural launch in December 2015.[21] The first launch successfully took place on 28 April 2016.[22]

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2 rocket, in the SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a suborbital trajectory, with the third stage and Boilerplate landing in the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2 to orbit with the MetOp-A satellite occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and onboard preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

The first crewed launch of SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2 took place on 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl (Russian: нафтил) fueled SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, which also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.[23]

Launch statistics

Since 2006, SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2 rockets have accumulated a total of 150 launches, 145 of which were successful, yielding a Script error: No such module "Percentage". success rate.

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Launch outcomes

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Launch sites

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List of launches

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Launch date
Time (UTC) 		Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Mission type Remarks
Template:Dts
18:30 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Zenit-8 (boilerplate) Suborbital flight test
Template:Dts
16:28 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success MetOp-A Weather satellite
Template:Dts
08:34 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Meridian 1 Military communications satellite
Template:Dts
14:28 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success CoRoT Astronomy satellite
Template:Dts
18:31 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[24] Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1) Reconnaissance satellite Launch was successful, but the satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
Template:Dts
21:53 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Failure[25] Meridian 2 Military communications satellite Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
Template:Dts
15:55 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Meteor-M No.1
Template:Hlist 		Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
Template:Dts
17:11 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
Template:Dts
00:59 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Meridian 3 Military communications satellite
Template:Dts
03:07 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L) Navigation satellite
Template:Dts
17:41 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Meridian 4 Military communications satellite
Template:Dts
02:27 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
Template:Dts
20:15 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742) Navigation satellite
Template:Dts
08:25 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[26] Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746) Navigation satellite
Template:Dts
12:08 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Failure[27] Meridian 5 Military communications satellite Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
Template:Dts
17:09 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[28] Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
Template:Dts
16:28 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success MetOp-B Weather satellite
Template:Dts
11:42 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Meridian 6 Military communications satellite
Template:Dts
16:04:24 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
Template:Dts
10:00:00 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Bion-M No.1
Template:Hlist 		Biological science satellite
+ 5 piggyback satellites
Template:Dts
05:23:46 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[29] Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747) Navigation satellite
Template:Dts
18:37:59 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[30] Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2) Reconnaissance satellite
Template:Dts
17:28:48 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[31] Resurs-P No.1 Earth observation satellite
Template:Dts
22:54:03 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[32] Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754) Navigation satellite
Template:Dts
13:49:35 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[33] Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance satellite
Template:Dts
17:16:48 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[34] Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755) Navigation satellite
Template:Dts
15:58:28 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[35] Meteor-M No.2
Template:Hlist 		Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
Template:Dts
20:50:00 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur,
Site 31 		Template:Success Foton-M No.4 Microgravity and biology research satellite
Template:Dts
07:09:43 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Progress M-25M ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
Template:Dts
01:42:52 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Meridian 7 Military communications satellite
Template:Dts
21:52:26 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L) Navigation satellite
Template:Dts
03:01:13 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1) ELINT
Template:Dts
18:55:50 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Resurs-P No.2 Earth observation satellite
Template:Dts
11:01:35 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L) Reconnaissance
Template:Dts
07:09:50 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Failure Progress M-27M ISS logistics Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[36] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[37] Mission declared a total loss.[38]
Template:Dts
15:23:54 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance
Template:Dts
16:44:00 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3) Reconnaissance
Template:Dts
06:33:41 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2510
(EKS) 		Missile early warning
Template:Dts
08:44:39 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Progress MS-01 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
00:21:07 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751) Navigation
Template:Dts
18:56:00 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Resurs-P No.3 Earth observation
Template:Dts
09:42 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L) Reconnaissance
Template:Dts
16:23:57 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Progress MS-02 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
02:01:21 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Volga Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success[22] Mikhailo Lomonosov[39] Template:Hlist Gamma-ray astronomy
Technology demonstrations
Template:Dts
08:44:37 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[40] Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760) Navigation Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[41]
Template:Dts
06:33 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[42] EKS-2 Missile early warning
Template:Dts
09:20 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Progress MS-06 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
06:36:49 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Partial failure Kanopus-V-IK
Many cubesats 		Earth observation
Heliophysics 		At least 9 of the 72 CubeSats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[43] Glavkosmos, the CubeSat launch provider, later confirmed an anomaly with the Fregat-M upper stage.[44]
Template:Dts
00:02:32 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752) Navigation
Template:Dts
08:46:53 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success Progress MS-07 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
05:41:46 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S[45] Template:Failure[46] Meteor-M No.2-1
Ionosfera
Baumanets
Several cubesats 		Weather
Ionospheric research 		The orbital insertion burn was conducted while the upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction, sending it back into the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found that 20 years earlier, Baikonur coordinates had mistakenly been hard coded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. However, the Russian government and independent experts consider the conclusion a way of escaping individual blame.[47]
Template:Dts
10:43:26 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[48] Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2) ELINT
Template:Dts
02:07:18[49] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S[45] Template:Success[50][51] Kanopus-V No.3, No.4
Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77
S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4
D-Star One v.1.1[52] 		Earth observation
Technology demonstrations
Template:Dts
08:13:33 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[53] Progress MS-08 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
21:30 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756) Navigation
Template:Dts
21:51 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[54] Progress MS-09 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
00:15 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[55] Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3) ELINT
Template:Dts
20:17 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[56] Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757) Navigation
Template:Dts
02:07 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success[57] Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6
Dove Flock-w × 12 		Earth observation satellites.
Template:Dts
19:47 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[58] EgyptSat A Earth observation
Template:Dts
11:01 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[59] Progress MS-11 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
09:23 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[60] GLONASS-M 758 Navigation. Lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after launch without affecting its performance.[60]
Template:Dts
05:41 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success[61] Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik Weather
Template:Dts
05:56 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[62] Meridian 8 Communications
Template:Dts
12:10 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[63] Progress MS-12 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
03:38 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Success[64] Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test) ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
07:46 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success[65] Kosmos 2541 Military reconnaissance
Template:Dts
09:34 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-13 / 74P ISS logistics
Template:Dts SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success GLONASS-M 759 Navigation
Template:Dts
21:42:41 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success OneWeb-2 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 1)[66] 		Communications
Template:Dts
08:24:54 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Meridian M-9 (19L) Military comsat[67]
Template:Dts
18:28:00 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success[46] GLONASS-M No.760
(Kosmos 2545) 		Navigation
Template:Dts
17:06:58 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success[46][68] OneWeb-3 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 2) 		Communications
Template:Dts
08:05:06 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success[46] Soyuz MS-16 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
01:51:41 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success[69] Progress MS-14 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
06:45[70] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Success EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[71] Early warning
Template:Dts
14:26:22 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-15 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
11:20:00 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Gonets-M (17/18/19)
GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia)[72] 		Communications
Template:Dts
05:45:04[73] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-17 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
19:08:42[74] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L) Navigation
Template:Dts
01:14[75] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Gonets-M 20/21/22
ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite) 		Communication
Technology – Russian Ministry of Defense
Template:Dts
12:26:26[76] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success OneWeb-4 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 1) 		Communications
Template:Dts
20:45:28[77] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4) ELINT
Template:Dts
04:45:05[78] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-16 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
06:55:01[79] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Arktika-M No.1 Weather satellite
Template:Dts
06:07:12[80] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success CAS500-1
A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites). 		Earth observation
Template:Dts
02:47:33[81] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success OneWeb-5 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 2) 		Communications
Template:Dts
07:42:40[82] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-18 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
22:14:08[83] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success OneWeb-6 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 3) 		Communications
Template:Dts
17:38:39[84] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success OneWeb-7 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 4) 		Communications
Template:Dts
19:50:00[85] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1) SIGINT
Template:Dts
23:27:20[86] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-17 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
12:48:33[87] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success OneWeb-8 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 5) 		Communications
Template:Dts
22:13:40[88] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success OneWeb-9 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 3) 		Communications
Template:Dts
18:07:19[89] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success OneWeb-10 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 4) 		Communications
Template:Dts
08:55:02[90] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-19 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
09:40:10[91] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 6) 		Communications
Template:Dts
00:00:32[92] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-18 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
13:06:35[93] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Prichal ISS assembly
Template:Dts
01:09:13[94] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L) Early warning
Template:Dts
07:38:15[95] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-20 ISS crew transport and space tourism
Template:Dts
13:10:37[96] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 5) 		Communications
Template:Dts
07:00:00[97] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2553 Military
Template:Dts
04:25:39[98] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-19 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
15:55:18[99] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-21 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
12:48:22[100] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Meridian-M 10 (20L) Military communications
Template:Dts
11:20:18[101] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5) ELINT
Template:Dts
08:03:32[102] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L) Reconnaissance
Template:Dts
09:32:16[103] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-20 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
09:18:06[104] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L) Navigation
Template:Dts
05:52:38[105] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Khayyam
16 rideshare cubesats 		Earth observation
Template:Dts
13:54:49[106] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-22 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
02:52:32[107] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L) Navigation
Template:Dts
19:57:09[108] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D Communications
Template:Dts
00:20:09[109] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-21 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
06:47:48[110] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L) Early warning
Template:Dts
15:13:50[111] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761) Navigation
Template:Dts
21:10:25[112] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6)
Kosmos 2566 		ELINT
Template:Dts
06:15:36[113] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-22 ISS logistics
Template:Dts
00:24:29[114] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-23 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts
06:40:11[115] 		SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L) Reconnaissance
24 May 2023 12:56:07[116] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-23 ISS logistics
26 May 2023 21:14:51[117] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success Kondor-FKA No.1 Reconnaissance
27 June 2023 11:34:49[118] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success Meteor-M No.2-3
42 rideshare satellites 		Weather
Various uses
7 August 2023 13:19:25[119] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L) Navigation
10 August 2023 23:10:57[120] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) Lunar exploration
23 August 2023 01:08:10[121] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-24 ISS logistics
15 September 2023 15:44:35[122] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-24 ISS crew transport
27 October 2023 06:04:43[123] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7)
Kosmos 2571 		ELINT
25 November 2023 20:58:06[124] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1) Reconnaissance
1 December 2023 09:25:11[125] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-25 ISS logistics
16 December 2023 09:17:48[126] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Arktika-M No.2 Meteorology
21 December 2023 08:48:39[127] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L) Reconnaissance
15 February 2024 03:25:05[128] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-26 ISS logistics
29 February 2024 05:43:26[129] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success Meteor-M No.2-4
18 rideshare satellites 		Weather
Various uses
23 March 2024 12:36:10[130] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-25 ISS crew transport
31 March 2024 09:36:45[131] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Resurs-P No.4 Earth observation
16 May 2024 21:21:29[132] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L No.4)
9 rideshare satellites 		Reconnaissance
Various uses
30 May 2024 09:42:59[133] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-27 ISS logistics
15 August 2024 03:20:18[134] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-28 ISS logistics
11 September 2024 16:23:12[135] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-26 ISS crew transport
31 October 2024 07:51:31[136] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2579 (Bars-M 6L) Reconnaissance
4 November 2024 23:18:40[137] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success Ionosfera-M No.1
Ionosfera-M No.2
53 rideshare satellites 		Ionospheric research
Various uses
21 November 2024 12:22:23[138] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-29 ISS logistics
29 November 2024 21:50:25[139] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Success Kondor-FKA No.2 Reconnaissance
4 December 2024 18:03:13[140] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2580 (Lotos-S1 No.8) ELINT
25 December 2024 07:45:42[141] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Resurs-P No.5 Earth observation 2,000th R-7 family rocket launched.[142]
27 February 2025 21:24:27[143] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Progress MS-30 ISS logistics
2 March 2025 22:22:16[144] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Template:Success Kosmos 2584
(GLONASS-K2 No. 14L (K2 No.2)) 		Navigation
8 April 2025 05:47:15[145] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Success Soyuz MS-27 ISS crew transport
23 May 2025 08:36[146] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Template:Success Kosmos 2588 (Unknown Payload) ?

Planned launches

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Launch date (UTC) Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Function Remark
Template:Dts[147] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Scheduled Progress MS-31 ISS logistics
Template:Dts[148] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Ionosfera-M No.3
Ionosfera-M No.4 		Ionospheric research
Template:Dts[149] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Planned Bion-M No.2 Biological science
Template:Dts[147] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Scheduled Progress MS-32 ISS logistics
Template:Dts[148] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Aist-2T No.1
Aist-2T No.2
rideshare 		Earth observation
Various uses
Template:Dts[150] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Planned Soyuz MS-28 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts[147] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Scheduled Progress MS-33 ISS logistics
Template:Dts[151] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Planned Obzor-R No.1 Earth observation
Template:Dts[152] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Meteor-M No.2-5 Weather
Template:Dts[148] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Resurs-PM No.1 Earth observation
Template:Dts[153][154] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Kondor-FKA-M No.1 Reconnaissance
Template:Dts[152] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Meteor-M No.2-6 Weather
Template:Dts[148] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Resurs-PM No.2 Earth observation
Template:Dts SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Planned GLONASS-K No. 18L Navigation
Template:Dts SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Planned GLONASS-K No. 19L Navigation
Template:Dts[155] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Planned Meridian-M No. 21L Communications
Template:Dts[147] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Scheduled Progress MS-34 ISS logistics
Template:Dts[150] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Planned Soyuz MS-29 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts[147] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Scheduled Progress MS-35 ISS logistics
Template:Dts[147] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Scheduled Progress MS-36 ISS logistics
Template:Dts[150] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Template:Planned Soyuz MS-30 ISS crew transport
Template:Dts[147] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Template:Scheduled Progress MS-37 ISS logistics
Template:Dts[156] SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Template:Planned Luna 26 Lunar orbiter
Template:Dts SoyuzTemplate:Nbhyph2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Template:Planned GLONASS-K 19–23 Navigation

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal".

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit. Template:WebarchiveTemplate:In lang
  27. ↑ Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
  33. ↑ Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite
  34. ↑ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
  35. ↑ Lift-off for British demo satellites
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ a b Молния ударила в ракету "Союз" при старте с Плесецка, tass.ru, 27 May 2019
  61. ↑ [1], 5 July 2019
  62. ↑ [2], 30 July 2019
  63. ↑ [3], 31 July 2019
  64. ↑ [4], 22 August 2019
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/02/soyuz-2-1a-launches-ninth-meridian-satellite/%7Cdate=20 February 2020
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Template:Cite tweet
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Cite error: <ref> tag with name "Ariane Users Manual 1" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Cite error: <ref> tag with name "Ariane Users Manual 2" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Russian launch vehicles Template:Expendable launch systems Template:R-7 rockets

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