Fregat

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Fregat (Template:Langx) is an upper stage developed by NPO Lavochkin for universal compatibility with a wide range of medium- and heavy-lift launch vehicles. Fregat has been used primarily with Soyuz and Zenit rockets, and entered operational service in February 2000.

Fregat uses a liquid-propellant engine burning unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) fuel and dinitrogen tetroxide (Template:Chem2) oxidizer, a pair of hypergolic propellants that ignite on contact. With a success rate of 97.3%, including two failures and one partial failure, Fregat is among the most reliable upper stages in operation. It has deployed more than 300 payloads into a variety of orbits and is capable of placing three or more spacecraft into distinct orbits during a single mission, owing to its ability to restart up to seven times and operate for a total burn duration of up to 1,350 seconds.

Description

The Fregat upper stage is a versatile and autonomous vehicle designed to inject large payloads into a range of orbits, including low, medium, and geosynchronous. Additionally, it serves as an escape stage for sending space probes on interplanetary missions, such as the Venus Express and Mars Express.

Developed by NPO Lavochkin in the 1990s, the Fregat features six spherical tanks—four for propellants and two for avionics—arranged in a circle. Its main engine is centrally positioned, allowing for a compact design with a diameter larger than its height. Structural support is provided by eight struts passing through the tanks, which also transfer thrust loads to the launcher. Fregat operates independently from the lower stages of its launch vehicle, with its own guidance, navigation, attitude control, tracking, and telemetry systems.[1]

The Fregat’s design was largely based on the spacecraft bus used in the Soviet Phobos program of the late 1980s, itself based on the architecture used for the Soviet lunar probes developed at NPO Lavochkin in the 1960s.[2] Fregat also integrated several flight-proven subsystems and components from previous spacecraft and rockets. This approach ensured high reliability and accelerated development. Fregat was flight-qualified in February 2000 and successfully completed four missions that same year.[3]

Currently used as the fourth stage on Soyuz launch vehicles, the Fregat’s S5.92 engine is capable of up to 25 ignitions,[2] with seven demonstrated during flight. This allows it to execute complex mission profiles that would be impossible for the launch vehicle alone.[4] The stage provides both three-axis and spin stabilization for spacecraft payloads.[5] Fregat uses storable, hypergolic propellants—unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and dinitrogen tetroxide (Template:Chem2, also called NTO or amyl) as the oxidizer, which ignite spontaneously upon contact. To date, Fregat has successfully deployed over 300 payloads into various orbits and remains the only upper stage capable of placing payloads into three or more distinct orbits in a single launch.[6]

since 2018Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., adding a Fregat upper stage to a Soyuz-2 launch costs about Template:US$.[7][8]

Fregat upper stage launch statistics

№ Date Number Modification Mission Launch vehicle Payload Result
1 2000/02/09 1001 Fregat ST07 Soyuz-U Template:Flagicon Full-size satellite layout,
Template:Flagicon Inflatable Braking Device 		Template:Success
2 2000/03/20 1002 Fregat ST08 Soyuz-U Template:Flagicon Dumsat Template:Success
3 2000/07/16 1003 Fregat ST09 Soyuz-U Template:Flagicon Cluster FM6,
Template:Flagicon Cluster FM7 		Template:Success
4 2000/08/09 1004 Fregat ST10 Soyuz-U Template:Flagicon Cluster FM5,
Template:Flagicon Cluster FM8 		Template:Success
5 2003/06/02 1005 Fregat ST11 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon Mars Express,
Template:Flagicon Beagle 2 		Template:Success
6 2003/12/27 1006 Fregat ST12 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon AMOS-2 Template:Success
7 2005/08/13 1007 Fregat ST13 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon Galaxy 14 Template:Success
8 2005/11/09 1010 Fregat ST14 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon Venus Express Template:Success
9 2005/12/28 1009 Fregat ST15 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon GIOVE-A Template:Success
10 2006/10/19 1011 Fregat ST16 Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon MetOp-A Template:Success
11 2006/12/24 1012 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian № 11L Template:Success
12 2006/12/27 1013 Fregat ST17 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon CoRoT Template:Success
13 2007/05/29 1016 Fregat ST18 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon Globalstar M065,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M069,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M071,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M072 		Template:Success
14 2007/10/20 1015 Fregat ST19 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon Globalstar M066,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M067,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M068,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M070 		Template:Success
15 2007/12/14 1015-2 Fregat ST20 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon RADARSAT-2 Template:Success
16 2008/04/26 1008 Fregat ST21 Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon GIOVE-B Template:Success
17 2009/05/21 1018 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian № 12L Template:Success
18 2009/09/17 1014 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Meteor-M № 1,
Template:Flagicon Sterkh,
Template:Flagicon Universitetsky-Tatyana-2,
Template:Flagicon UGATUSAT,
Template:Flagicon BLITS,
Template:Flagicon IRIS,
Template:Flagicon Sumbandila 		Template:Success
19 2010/10/19 1023 Fregat-M ST22 Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Globalstar M073,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M074,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M075,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M076,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M077,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M079 		Template:Success
20 2010/11/02 1022 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian № 13L Template:Success
21 2011/01/20 2001 Fregat-SB – Zenith-3SLBF Template:Flagicon Elektro-L No.1 Template:Success
22 2011/02/26 1035 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-K № 11L Template:Success
23 2011/07/13 1024 Fregat-M ST23 Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Globalstar M081,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M083,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M085,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M088,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M089,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M091 		Template:Success
24 2011/07/18 2002 Fregat-SB – Zenith-3SLBF Template:Flagicon Spektr-R Template:Success
25 2011/10/02 1045 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 742 Template:Success
26 2011/10/21 1030 Fregat-MT VS01 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo 1,
File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union Galileo 2 		Template:Success
27 2011/11/28 1046 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 746 Template:Success
28 2011/12/17 1021 Fregat VS02 Soyuz-ST-A Template:Flagicon Pleiades-1A,
Template:Flagicon ELISA W11,
Template:Flagicon ELISA E12,
Template:Flagicon ELISA W23,
Template:Flagicon ELISA E24,
Template:Flagicon SSOT 		Template:Success
29 2011/12/23 1042 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Meridian № 15L Template:Success
30 2011/12/28 1027 Fregat-M ST24 Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Globalstar M080,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M082,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M084,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M086,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M090,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M092 		Template:Success
31 2012/07/22 1019 Fregat – Soyuz-FG Template:Flagicon Kanopus-V № 1,
Template:Flagicon Zond-PP,
Template:Flagicon BKA,
Template:Flagicon exactView-1,
Template:Flagicon TET-1 		Template:Success
32 2012/09/17 1037 Fregat-M ST25 Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon MetOp-B Template:Success
33 2012/10/12 1031 Fregat-MT VS03 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo 3,
Template:Flagicon Galileo 4 		Template:Success
34 2012/11/14 1034 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian № 16L Template:Success
35 2012/12/02 1020 Fregat VS04 Soyuz-ST-A Template:Flagicon Pléiades-1B Template:Success
36 2013/02/06 1029 Fregat-M ST26 Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Globalstar M078,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M093,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M094,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M095,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M096,
Template:Flagicon Globalstar M097 		Template:Success
37 2013/04/26 1047 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-K № 747 Template:Success
38 2013/06/25 1041 Fregat-MT VS05 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon O3b FM1,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM2,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM4,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM5 		Template:Success
39 2013/12/19 1040 Fregat-MT VS06 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Gaia Template:Success
40 2014/03/23 112-01 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 754 Template:Success
41 2014/04/03 1038 Fregat-M VS07 Soyuz-ST-A Template:Flagicon Sentinel-1A Template:Success
42 2014/06/14 112-02 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 755 Template:Success
43 2014/07/08 1025 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Meteor-M №2,
Template:Flagicon Vernov,
Template:Flagicon Template:Ill,
Template:Flagicon UKube-1,
Template:Flagicon TechDemoSat-1,
Template:Flagicon SkySat-2,
Template:Flagicon AISSat-2 		Template:Success
44 2014/07/10 1032 Fregat-MT VS08 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon O3b FM3,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM6,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM7,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM8 		Template:Success
45 2014/08/22 1039 Fregat-MT VS09 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo 5,
Template:Flagicon Galileo 6 		Template:Failure
46 2014/10/30 1026 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian № 17L Template:Success
47 2014/11/30 1044 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-K № 12L Template:Success
48 2014/12/18 133-01 Fregat-MT VS10 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon O3b FM9,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM10,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM11,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM12 		Template:Success
49 2015/03/27 133-02 Fregat-MT VS11 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo 7,
Template:Flagicon Galileo 8 		Template:Success
50 2015/09/11 133-03 Fregat-MT VS12 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo 9,
Template:Flagicon Galileo 10 		Template:Success
51 2015/11/17 1033 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon EKS № 1 Template:Success
52 2015/12/11 2004 Fregat-SB – Zenith-3SLBF Template:Flagicon Elektro-L No.2 № 2 Template:Success
53 2015/12/17 133-04 Fregat-MT VS13 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo 11,
Template:Flagicon Galileo 12 		Template:Success
54 2016/02/07 112-03 Fregat-MT – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 751 Template:Success
55 2016/04/25 133-08 Fregat-M VS14 Soyuz-ST-A Template:Flagicon Sentinel-1B Template:Success
56 2016/05/24 133-05 Fregat-MT VS15 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo 13,
Template:Flagicon Galileo 14 		Template:Success
57 2016/05/29 112-04 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 753 Template:Success
58 2017/01/28 133-07 Fregat-MT VS16 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Hispasat 36W-1 Template:Success
59 2017/05/18 133-09 Fregat-M VS17 Soyuz-ST-A Template:Flagicon SES-15 Template:Success
60 2017/05/25 111–301 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Tundra № 2 Template:Success
61 2017/07/14 122-02 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Kanopus-V-IK,
Template:Flagicon MKA-N № 1,
Template:Flagicon MKA-N № 2,
Template:Flagicon Mayak,
Template:Flagicon Iskra-MAI-85,
Template:Flagicon Ecuador UTE-YUZGU»,
Template:Flagicon Flying Laptop,
Template:Flagicon TechnoSat,
Template:Flagicon WNISAT-1R,
Template:Flagicon NorSat-1,
Template:Flagicon NorSat-2,
Template:Flagicon Flock-2k 1...48,
Template:Flagicon CICERO 1...3,
Template:Flagicon Corvus-BC 1...2,
Template:Flagicon Lemur-2 42...49,
Template:Flagicon NanoACE 		Template:Partial failure
62 2017/09/22 112-05 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 752 Template:Success
63 2017/11/28 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Meteor-M №2,
Template:Flagicon Baumanets-2,
Template:Flagicon LEO Vantage 2,
Template:Flagicon Helios-Wire BIU,
Template:Flagicon IDEA-OSG 1,
Template:Flagicon AISSat-3,
Template:Flagicon D-Star One,
Template:Flagicon SEAM,
Template:Flagicon Corvus-BC 3,
Template:Flagicon Lemur-2 58...67 		Template:Failure
64 2017/12/26 2006 Fregat-SB – Zenith-3SLBF Template:Flagicon Angosat-1 Template:Success
65 2018/02/01 122-03 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Kanopus-V № 3,
Template:Flagicon Kanopus-V № 4,
Template:Flagicon Lemur-2 74,
Template:Flagicon Lemur-2 75,
Template:Flagicon Lemur-2 76,
Template:Flagicon Lemur-2 77,
Template:Flagicon S-Net A,
Template:Flagicon S-Net B,
Template:Flagicon S-Net C,
Template:Flagicon S-Net D,
Template:Flagicon D-Star One 		Template:Success
66 2018/03/09 133-06 Fregat-MT VS18 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon O3b FM13,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM14,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM15,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM16 		Template:Success
67 2018/06/16 112-06 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 756 Template:Success
68 2018/11/03 112-08 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 757 Template:Success
69 2018/11/07 133-14 Fregat-M VS19 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon MetOp-C Template:Success
70 2018/12/19 133-10 Fregat-M VS20 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon Composante Spatiale Optique Template:Success
71 2018/12/27 122-06 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Kanopus-V № 5,
Template:Flagicon Kanopus-V № 6,
Template:Flagicon GRUS-1,
Template:Flagicon ZACube-2,
Template:Flagicon Lume-1,
Template:Flagicon Flock-3k 1...12,
Template:Flagicon Lemur-2 88...95,
Template:Flagicon D-Star One iSat,
Template:Flagicon D-Star One Sparrow,
Template:Flagicon UWE-4,
Template:Flagicon ICEYE-Dummy,
Template:Flagicon SAMSON-Dummy 1...3 		Template:Success
72 2019/02/21 112-07 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon EgyptSat-A Template:Success
73 2019/02/27 133-15 Fregat-M VS21 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon OneWeb-0006,
Template:Flagicon OneWeb-0007,
Template:Flagicon OneWeb-0008,
Template:Flagicon OneWeb-0010,
Template:Flagicon OneWeb-0011,
Template:Flagicon OneWeb-0012 		Template:Success
74 2019/04/04 133-17 Fregat-MT VS22 Soyuz-ST-B Template:Flagicon O3b FM17,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM18,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM19,
Template:Flagicon O3b FM20 		Template:Success
75 2019/05/27 112-09 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 758 Template:Success
76 2019/07/05 122-04 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Meteor-M No.2
Template:Flagicon Sokrat
Template:Flagicon VDNH-80
Template:Flagicon AmurSat
Template:Flagicon SEAM-2.0
Template:Flagicon MTCube
Template:Flagicon SONATE
Template:Flagicon Beesat 9...13
Template:Flagicon MOVE-IIb
Template:Flagicon TTU-101
Template:Flagicon Ecuador-UTE
Template:Flagicon El Camino Real
Template:FlagiconLemur-2 100...107
Template:Flagicon NSLSat-1
Template:Flagicon JAISAT-1
Template:Flagicon EXOCONNECT
Template:Flagicon LightSat
Template:Flagicon Lucky-7
Template:Flagicon ICEYE X4
Template:Flagicon ICEYE X5
Template:Flagicon CarboNIX
Template:Flagicon DoT 1 		Template:Success
77 2019/07/30 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian № 18L Template:Success
78 2019/09/26 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Tundra № 3 Template:Success
79 2019/12/11 112-10 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M № 759 Template:Success
80 2019/12/18 Fregat-M VS23 Soyuz-ST-A Template:Flagicon COSMO-SkyMed
Template:Flagicon CHEOPS
Template:Flagicon EyeSat
Template:Flagicon ANGELS
Template:Flagicon OPS-SAT 		Template:Success
81 2020/02/07 Fregat-M ST27 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (34 units) Template:Success
82 2020/02/20 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian № 19L Template:Success
83 2020/03/17 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Glonass-M №760 Template:Success
84 2020/03/21 Fregat-M ST28 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (34 units) Template:Success
85 2020/12/29 Fregat VS24 Soyuz ST-A Template:Flagicon Falcon Eye 2 Template:Success
86 2021/02/28 122-07 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Arktika-M №1 Template:Success
87 2021/03/22 122-05 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon CAS500-1
Template:Flagicon ELSA-d Target, Chaser
Template:Flagicon DMSAT-1
Template:Flagicon Fukui Prefectural Satellite
Template:Flagicon GRUS-1 × 3
Template:Flagicon ADELIS-SAMSON x 3
Template:Flagicon BeeSat × 4
Template:Flagicon Challenge One
Template:Flagicon CubeSX-HSE
Template:Flagicon CubeSX-Sirius-HSE
Template:Flagicon GRBAlpha
Template:Flagicon Hiber-3
Template:Flagicon Kepler-6,7
Template:Flagicon KMSL
Template:Flagicon KSU_Cubesat
Template:Flagicon LacunaSat-2b
Template:Flagicon Shaheen Sat 17
Template:Flagicon NANOSATC-BR2
Template:Flagicon OrbiCraft-Zorkiy
Template:Flagicon Pumbaa, Timon
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon WildTrackCube-SIMBA
Template:Flagicon 3B5GSAT
Template:Flagicon UNISAT-7
Template:Flagicon BCCSAT-1
Template:Flagicon FEES
Template:Flagicon DIY
Template:FlagiconSMOG-1
Template:Flagicon STECCO 		Template:Success
88 2021/03/25 123-05 Fregat ST30 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (36 units) Template:Success
89 2021/04/25 123-11 Fregat ST31 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (36 units) Template:Success
90 2021/05/28 123-10 Fregat ST32 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (36 units) Template:Success
91 2021/07/01 112-15 Fregat ST33 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (36 units) Template:Success
92 2021/08/21 123-03 Fregat ST34 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (34 units) Template:Success
93 2021/09/14 123-05 Fregat ST35 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (34 units) Template:Success
94 2021/10/14 123-14 Fregat ST36 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (36 units) Template:Success
95 2021/11/25 111–305 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon EKS-5 Template:Success
96 2021/12/05 133-13 Fregat-MT VS26 Soyuz ST-B Template:Flagicon Galileo FOC FM23
Template:Flagicon Galileo FOC FM24 		Template:Success
97 2021/12/27 123-04 Fregat ST37 Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon OneWeb (36 units) Template:Success
98 2022/02/05 111–401 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Neitron №1 Template:Success
99 2022/02/10 133-19 Fregat-MT VS27 Soyuz ST-B Template:Flagicon OneWeb (34 units) Template:Success
100 2022/03/22 111-? Fregat – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Meridian-M 10 (20L) Template:Success
101 2022/07/07 112-13 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon GLONASS-K 16 Template:Success
102 2022/08/09 123-06 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Khayyam
Template:Flagicon CubeXS-HSE-2
Template:Flagicon CYCLOPS
Template:Flagicon Geoscan-Edelweiss
Template:Flagicon ISOI
Template:Flagicon KAI-1
Template:Flagicon KODIZ
Template:Flagicon Kuzbass-300
Template:Flagicon MIET-AIS
Template:Flagicon Polytech Universe-1, 2
Template:Flagicon ReshUCube-1
Template:Flagicon Siren
Template:Flagicon Skoltech B1, B2
Template:Flagicon UTMN
Template:Flagicon VIZARD-SS1 		Template:Success
103 2022/10/10 112-16 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon GLONASS-K 17 Template:Success
104 2022/10/22 142-503 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Gonets-M 23, 24, 25
Template:Flagicon Skif-D 		Template:Success
105 2022/11/02 111-306 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon EKS-6 Template:Success
106 2022/11/28 112-?? Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon GLONASS-M 761 Template:Success
107 2023/05/26 142-01 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1a Template:Flagicon Kondor-FKA №1 Template:Success
108 2023/06/27 142-02 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Meteor-M №2-3
Template:Flagicon Ahmat-1
Template:Flagicon ArcCube-01
Template:Flagicon A-SEANSAT-PG1
Template:Flagicon Avion
Template:Flagicon BSUSat-2
Template:Flagicon CSTP-1.1, 1.2
Template:Flagicon Cube-SX-HSE-3
Template:Flagicon Impuls-1
Template:Flagicon Khors-1, 2
Template:Flagicon KuzGTU-1
Template:Flagicon Monitor-2, 3, 4
Template:Flagicon Nanosond-1
Template:Flagicon NORBI 2
Template:Flagicon PHI-Demo
Template:Flagicon Polytech Universe-3
Template:Flagicon Rassvet-1 × 3
Template:Flagicon ReshUCube-2
Template:Flagicon SamSat-ION
Template:Flagicon Saturn
Template:Flagicon Sirius-SINP-3U
Template:Flagicon SITRO-AIS × 8
Template:Flagicon StratoSat TK-1
Template:Flagicon Svyatobor-1
Template:Flagicon UmKa-1
Template:Flagicon UTMN-2
Template:Flagicon Vizard-meteo
Template:Flagicon Yarilo-3, 4
Template:Flagicon Zorkiy-2M 		Template:Success
109 2023/08/07 112-23 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon GLONASS-K2 13L Template:Success
110 2023/08/10 122-10 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Luna 25 Template:Success
111 2023/12/16 122-11 Fregat – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Arktika-M No. 2 Template:Success
112 2024/02/29 142-03 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Meteor-M No.2-4
Template:Flagicon MARAFON-D-GVM
Template:Flagicon Pars 1
Template:Flagicon SITRO-AIS × 16
Template:Flagicon Zorkiy-2M-2 		Template:Success
113 2024/05/16 ? Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Nivelir-L №4 (Kosmos 2576)
Template:Flagicon Rassvet-2 × 3
Template:Flagicon SITRO-AIS × 4
Template:Flagicon Zorkiy-2M-4
Template:Flagicon Zorkiy-2M-6 		Template:Success
114 2024/11/04 142-601 Fregat-M – Soyuz-2.1b Template:Flagicon Ionosfera-M №1
Template:Flagicon Ionosfera-M №2
Template:Flagicon Altair
Template:Flagicon ArcticSat-1
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon ASRTU-2
Template:Flagicon CSTP-2.1, 2.11, 2.2
Template:Flagicon Gorizont
Template:Flagicon Hod-Hod 1A
Template:Flagicon HyperView-1G
Template:Flagicon Khors 3, 4
Template:Flagicon Kolibri-S
Template:Flagicon Kowsar
Template:Flagicon Mordovia-IoT
Template:Flagicon MTUCI-1
Template:Flagicon Nokhcho
Template:Flagicon Norbi-3
Template:Flagicon Polytech Universe-4, 5
Template:Flagicon RTU MIREA 1
Template:Flagicon Ruzaevka-390
Template:Flagicon SamSat-ION 2
Template:Flagicon SIT-2086
Template:Flagicon SIT-HSE
Template:Flagicon SITRO-AIS × 24
Template:Flagicon TUSUR-GO
Template:Flagicon Vizard-ion
Template:Flagicon Vladivostok-1
Template:Flagicon YUZGU-60
Template:Flagicon ZimSat-2 		Template:Success

Failures

August 2014 failure

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The Arianespace-operated flight of a Fregat MT ended in failure on 22 August 2014 after the vehicle deposited two EU/ESA Galileo navigation satellites into the wrong orbit. The lift off at 12:27:11 UTC from the Sinnamary launch site near Kourou, French Guiana, appeared to go well. However, a failure was only apparent later when, after the second firing of the Fregat MT upper stage had taken place, the satellites were detected as being in the wrong orbit.[9]

The Independent Inquiry Board formed to analyze the causes of the "anomaly" announced its definitive conclusions on 7 October 2014 following a meeting at Arianespace headquarters in Évry, near Paris.[10] The failure occurred during the flight of the Fregat fourth stage. It occurred about 35 minutes after liftoff, at the beginning of the ballistic phase preceding the second ignition of this stage. The scenario that led to an error in the orbital injection of the satellites was precisely reconstructed, as follows:

  • The orbital error resulted from an error in the thrust orientation of the main engine on the Fregat stage during its second powered phase.
  • This orientation error was the result of the loss of inertial reference for the stage.
  • This loss occurred when the stage's inertial system operated outside its authorized operating envelope, an excursion that was caused by the failure of two of Fregat's attitude control thrusters during the preceding ballistic phase.
  • This failure was due to a temporary interruption of the joint hydrazine propellant supply to these thrusters.
  • The interruption in the flow was caused by freezing of the hydrazine.
  • The freezing resulted from the proximity of hydrazine and cold helium feed lines, these lines being connected by the same support structure, which acted as a thermal bridge.
  • Ambiguities in the design documents allowed the installation of this type of thermal "bridge" between the two lines. In fact, such bridges have also been seen on other Fregat stages now under production at NPO Lavochkin.
  • The design ambiguity is the result of not taking into account the relevant thermal transfers during the thermal analyses of the stage system design.

The root cause of the failure of flight VS09 is therefore a shortcoming in the system thermal analysis performed during stage design, and not an operator error during stage assembly.[11]

Since 22 August 2014, Soyuz ST-B launch vehicles with Fregat-MT upper stages have performed three successful launches, six Galileo navigation satellites have been inserted into their target orbits in frame of Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre ongoing ESA programme.[12][13][14]

July 2017 partial failure

In July 2017, a Russian-operated rideshare flight of a Fregat upper stage ended with 9 of 72 small satellites dead-on-orbit.[15]

November 2017 failure

The Russian-operated flight of a Fregat upper stage ended in failure after the vehicle deposited the upper stage, a Meteor MS-1 weather satellite, and 18 secondary cubesats back into Earth's atmosphere due to the first Fregat burn being ignited with the stage in the wrong orientation.[16] The guidance computer on the Soyuz rocket's Fregat upper stage was mis-programmed, causing it to begin an unnecessary turn that left it in the wrong orientation for a critical engine burn required to enter orbit.[17]

Debris

The Fregats did not have enough impulse capability to de-orbit themselves after placing their payload into orbit and so several have remained in orbit as space debris.

The Fregat-SB upper stage rocket used to launch the Russian Spektr-R satellite into orbit in 2011, broke into multiple pieces on May 8, 2020 creating even more debris than normal.[18]

Versions

Fregat-M/Fregat-MT

Fregat-M/Fregat-MT tanks have ball-shaped additions on the tops of the tanks. These additions increase the load capability of the propellant from Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert"., without causing any other changes to the physical dimensions of the vehicle.[19]

Fregat-SB

A version called Fregat-SB can be used with Zenit-2SB launch vehicle. This version is a variation of Fregat-M with a block of drop-off tanks ("SBB" or Сбрасываемый Блок Баков in Russian) which makes increased payload capability possible. The torus-shaped SBB weighs Template:Cvt and contains up to Template:Cvt of propellant. The total dry weight of the Fregat-SB (including SBB) is Template:Cvt and the maximum propellant carrying capacity is Template:Cvt.[20]

Fregat-SB was launched for the first time on 20 January 2011, when it lifted the Elektro-L weather satellite into geosynchronous orbit.[21]

All versions data

Fregat Upper Stage Family[22]
Stage Fregat Fregat-M Fregat-MT Fregat-SB Fregat-SBU Fregat-2
Engine S5.92 S5.92 LN (Long Nozzle)
Total Launches 44 49 17 4 – –
Thrust (Low) Template:Cvt Template:Cvt
Thrust (High) Template:Cvt Template:Cvt
Specific Impulse (Low) 3,168 N*s/kg 3,222 N*s/kg
Specific Impulse (High) 3,207 N*s/kg 3,268 N*s/kg
Propellant (Max) Template:Cvt Template:Cvt Template:Cvt Template:Cvt Template:Cvt Template:Cvt
Burn Time 1235...874 seconds 1535...1085 seconds 1640...1160 seconds 2310...1635 seconds 2475...1750 seconds 2830...2000 seconds
Flow Rate 4.3...6.1 kg/s
Total Impulse 16.9...17.2 MN*s 21.4...21.7 MN*s 22.9...23.2 MN*s 32.2...32.7 MN*s 34.5...35.0 MN*s 39.4...40.0 MN*s

References

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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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