Sonchus

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Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Automatic taxobox

Sonchus is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae[1][2] and are commonly known as sow thistles (less commonly hare thistles or hare lettuces). Sowthistles are annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with or without rhizomes and a few are even woody (subgenus Dendrosonchus, restricted to the Canary Islands and Madeira).[3][4][5][6][7]

Description

File:Cerrajón herreño (Sonchus hierrensis), La Gomera, España, 2012-12-14, DD 01.jpg
Sonchus hierrensis in the Canary Island of La Gomera.

The genus is named after the Ancient Greek for such plants, σόγχος. All are characterized by soft, somewhat irregularly lobed leaves that clasp the stem and, at least initially, form a basal rosette. The stem contains a milky latex. Flower heads are yellow and range in size from half to one inch in diameter; the florets are all of ray type. Sonchus fruits are single-seeded, dry and indehiscent.[8] Sow thistles are common roadside plants, and while native to Eurasia and tropical Africa, they are found almost worldwide in temperate regions.[9]

Mature sow thistle stems can range from 30 cm to 2 m (1 to 6 ft) tall, depending upon species and growing conditions. Coloration ranges from green to purple in older plants. Sow thistles exude a milky latex when any part of the plant is cut or damaged, and it is from this fact that the plants obtained the common name, "sow thistle", as they were fed to lactating sows in the belief that milk production would increase. Sow thistles are known as "milk thistles" in some regions, although milk thistle more commonly refers to the genus Silybum.

Comparison with dandelions

They superficially resemble and are in the same family as dandelions, and even have pappus-like structures resembling dandelion seeds. However, they are usually taller than dandelions, have multiple flowers per stem (as opposed to one flower per dandelion), and have more irregularly shaped lobes.[10]

Species

The following 106 species are accepted by Plants of the World Online since March 2023Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..Template:R

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus acaulis Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x aemulus MerinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus afromontanus R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus araraticus Nazarova & BarsegyanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus arboreus DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus arvensis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus asper (L.) HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x beltraniae U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus berteroanus (Decne.) S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus bipontini Asch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus bornmuelleri Pit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus bourgeaui Sch.Bip.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus brachylobus WebbScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus brachyotus DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus brassicifolius S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus briquetianus Gand.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus bupleuroides (Font Quer) N.Kilian & GreuterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus camporum (R.E.Fr.) Boulos ex C.JeffreyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus canariensis (Webb) BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus capillaris Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus cavanillesii Caball.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus congestus Willd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus crassifolius Pourr. ex Willd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus daltonii WebbScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus dregeanus DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus erzincanicus V.A.MatthewsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus esperanzae N.Kilian & GreuterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus fauces-orci KnocheScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus fragilis BallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus friesii BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus fruticosus L.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus gandogeri Pit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus gigas Boulos ex HumbertScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus gomeraensis BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus grandifolius KirkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus gummifer LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus heterophyllus (Boulos) U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus hierrensis (Pit.) BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus hotha C.B.ClarkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus hydrophilus BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus integrifolius Harv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus jacottetianus Thell.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus jainii Chandrab., V.Chandras. & N.C.NairScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x jaquiniocephalus Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus kirkii HamlinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus laceratus (Phil.) S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus latifolius (Lowe) R.Jardim & M.Seq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus leptocephalus Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus lidii BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus lobatiflorus S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus luxurians (R.E.Fr.) C.JeffreyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus macrocarpus Boulos & C.JeffreyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus maculigerus H.Lindb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus malayanus Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus marginatus (Bertero ex Decne.) S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus maritimus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus masguindalii Pau & Font QuerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus mauritanicus Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x maynari Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus megalocarpus (Hook.f.) J.M.BlackScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus melanolepis Fresen.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus micranthus (Bertero ex Decne.) S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus microcarpus (Boulos) U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus microcephalus MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus nanus Sond. ex Harv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus neriifolius (Decne.) S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus novae-zelandiae (Hook.f.) B.D.Jacks.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - also known as Kirkianella novae-zelandiae
  • Sonchus x novocastellanus CirujanoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus obtusilobus R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus oleraceus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus ortunoi Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus palmensis (Webb) BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus palustris L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus parathalassius J.G.Costa ex R.Jardim & M.Seq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus pendulus (Sch.Bip.) SennikovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus phoeniciformis S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus pinnatifidus Cav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus pinnatus AitonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus pitardii BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus platylepis Webb & Berthel.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x prudhommei BouchardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus pruinatus (Johow) S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus pustulatus Willk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus radicatus AitonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus regis-jubae Pit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus regius (Skottsb.) S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x rokosensis SutorýScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x rotundilobus Popov ex Kovalevsk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus x rupicola (Svent.) A.Santos & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus saudensis BoulosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus schweinfurthii Oliv. & HiernScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus sinuatus S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus sosnowskyi SchchianScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus splendens S.C.Kim & MejíasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus stenophyllus R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus suberosus Zohary & P.H.DavisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus sventenii U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus tectifolius Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus tenerrimus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus transcaspicus NevskiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus tuberifer Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus ustulatus LoweScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus webbii Sch.Bip.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus wightianus DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus wildpretii U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sonchus wilmsii R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Invasive

In many areas sow thistles are considered noxious weeds,[11] as they grow quickly in a wide range of conditions and their wind-borne seeds allow them to spread rapidly. Sonchus arvensis, the perennial sow thistle, is considered the most economically detrimental, as it can crowd commercial crops, is a heavy consumer of nitrogen in soils, may deplete soil water of land left to fallow, and can regrow and sprout additional plants from its creeping roots. However, sow thistles are easily uprooted by hand, and their soft stems present little resistance to slashing or mowing.

Most livestock will readily devour sow thistle in preference to grass, and this lettuce-relative is edible and nutritious to humans—in fact this is the meaning of the second part of the Latin name of the common sow thistle, oleraceus.[12] Attempts at weed control by herbicidal use, to the neglect of other methods, may have led to a proliferation of these species in some environments.[13]

Cultivation and use as food

Sow thistles are common host plants for aphids. Gardeners may consider this a benefit or a curse; aphids may spread from sow thistle to other plants, but alternatively the sow thistle can encourage the growth of beneficial predators such as hoverflies. In this regard sow thistles make excellent sacrificial plants. Sonchus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera including Celypha rufana and the broad-barred white, grey chi, nutmeg, and shark moths. The fly Tephritis formosa is known to attack the capitula of this plant.[14]

Sow thistles have been used as fodder, particularly for rabbits, hence the other common names of "hare thistle" or "hare lettuce". They are also edible to humans as a leaf vegetable; old leaves and stalks can be bitter but young leaves have a flavour similar to lettuce. Going by the name pūhā or rareke (raraki) it is a traditional food eaten in New Zealand by Māori. When cooked the flavour is reminiscent of chard. The greens were also eaten by the indigenous people of North America. Edible raw when young, the older greens can also be eaten after cooking briefly.[15]

References

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  1. ↑ Template:Tropicos
  2. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 793-795 in Latin
  3. ↑ For a recent review of woody species, see Seung-Chul Kim et al. (1996). "A common origin for woody Sonchus and five related genera in the Macaronesian islands: Molecular evidence for extensive radiation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93:7743-7748.
  4. ↑ Template:EFloras
  5. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana genere Sonchus photos and distribution maps for several species
  6. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
  7. ↑ Flora Zambesiaca
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:EFloras
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  12. ↑ Arthur Lee Jacobson website Template:Webarchive
  13. ↑ Management of common sow thistle, Queensland Government
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links

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