Somatochlora

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File:Brilliant emerald (Somatochlora metallica) teneral female 3.jpg
Teneral Somatochlora metallica female

Somatochlora, or the striped emeralds,[1] is a genus of dragonflies in the family Corduliidae with 42 described species found across the Northern Hemisphere.[2]

Taxonomy

The name Somatochlora is derived from the Greek soma (body) and khloros (green).[3] The species Corduliochlora borisi was formerly treated as a member of Somatochlora.[2]

Description

File:Somatochlora albicincta emerging from the nymph stage in Bowron Lake Provincial Park, BC (DSCF2350) (cropped).jpg
Newly emerged male S. albicincta on its exuvia

Members of this genus are medium-sized dragonflies with dark bodies and a metallic green lustre. The eyes are brilliant green, and many species have dull to bright yellow markings on the thorax and/or abdomen. The abdomens of males are distinctive, with the first two segments bulbous-shaped, the third constricted, and the rest of the abdomen club-shaped with a straight ending. Females have abdomens with straighter sides.[1] Identifying these dragonflies to species can be difficult.[3] The cerci of males, on the tip of the abdomen, are distinctively shaped in each species, as are the subgenital plates on female abdomens. In some species, the subgenital plate is large and projecting, and is used as a "pseudo-ovipositor" for inserting eggs into a substrate.[1]

Distribution

File:The North American Dragonflies of the Genus Somatochlora - Edmund Walker 1925 - Plate II.png
Illustration showing male cerci of several species of Somatochlora

Somatochlora species are found across the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, and North America, with some species extending into arctic regions north of the treeline.[4] Some species extend south to Spain,[5] Turkey,[6] northern India,[7] northern Vietnam,[7] Taiwan[8] and the Southern United States.[9] At least one species, S. semicircularis, may be found at altitudes up to Template:Cvt.[10] In North America, most species live in the boreal forest and/or the Appalachian Mountains.[3]

Life history

File:Lib-Som-Flavo-D5100-D4689 0708 02 (cropped).jpg
Mating pair of Somatochlora flavomaculata

Somatochlora larvae typically live in bogs, fens, and/or forest streams, with some species found in lakes. They do not occur in marshy ponds.[1] Many species are limited to very specific habitats and are rare and local. Adults feed in flight and may occur at some distance from their breeding habitat in mixed swarms.[1]

Species

File:The North American Dragonflies of the Genus Somatochlora - Edmund Walker 1925 - Plate XIX.jpg
Larvae of several Somatochlora species

Somatochlora is the most diverse group within the Corduliidae.[1] Of the 42 described species listed below, 25 are North American, 16 are Eurasian, and one is circumboreal (S. sahlbergi). Two additional fossil species have been assigned to this genus: S. brisaci, based on a wing from the Upper Miocene in France, and S. oregonica, based on two wings from the Oligocene in Oregon.[11][12]

Image Species[2] Common Name(s)[13][14][15] Distribution
File:Somatochlora albicincta1.jpg Somatochlora albicincta (Burmeister, 1839)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". ringed emerald Canada, northern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora alpestris 01.jpg Somatochlora alpestris (Selys, 1840)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". alpine emerald Europe and Asia[16][8]
File:Somatochlora arctica.JPG Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt, 1840)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". northern emerald Europe and Asia[16][8]
File:Quebec emerald jul 2 2017.jpg Somatochlora brevicincta Robert, 1954Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Quebec emerald Canada, northern United States[9]
Somatochlora calverti Williamson & Gloyd, 1933Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Calvert's emerald southeastern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora cingulata 56393206.jpg Somatochlora cingulata (Selys, 1871)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". lake emerald Canada, northern United States[9]
Somatochlora clavata Oguma, 1922Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Japan and Korea[17]
Somatochlora daviesi Lieftinck, 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Bhutan, Nepal, and India[7][18][19]
Somatochlora dido Needham, 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". China and Vietnam[7]
File:Somatochlora elongata 6489978.jpg Somatochlora elongata (Scudder, 1866)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". ski-tipped emerald, ski-tailed emerald northeastern North America[9]
File:Somatochlora ensigera 13651121.jpg Somatochlora ensigera Martin, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". plains emerald central North America[9]
File:Somatochlora exuberata 84220639.jpg Somatochlora exuberata Bartenev, 1910Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Japan and eastern Russia[17]
File:Fine-lined Emerald - Somatochlora filosa, Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Woodbridge, Virginia (37320967401).jpg Somatochlora filosa (Hagen, 1861)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". fine-lined emerald southeastern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora flavomaculata 2.jpg Somatochlora flavomaculata (Vander Linden, 1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". yellow-spotted emerald Europe[17]
File:Somatochlora forcipata 58594270.jpg Somatochlora forcipata (Scudder, 1866)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". forcipate emerald Canada, northern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora franklini 171382581.jpg Somatochlora franklini (Selys, 1878)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". delicate emerald Canada, northern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora georgiana 20918250.jpg Somatochlora georgiana Walker, 1925Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". coppery emerald eastern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora graeseri 98083656.jpg Somatochlora graeseri Selys, 1887Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". east Asia[17]
File:Somatochlora hineana 2010-1.jpg Somatochlora hineana Williamson, 1931Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Hine's emerald Ontario and midwest United States[9]
File:Somatochlora hudsonica 5866696.jpg Somatochlora hudsonica (Hagen in Selys, 1871)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Hudsonian emerald western and central Canada, northwestern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora incurvata 63108886.jpg Somatochlora incurvata Walker, 1918Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". incurvate emerald northeastern North America[9]
File:Somatochlora kennedyi 59789779.jpg Somatochlora kennedyi Walker, 1918Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Kennedy's emerald Canada, northeastern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora linearis 80317105.jpg Somatochlora linearis (Hagen, 1861)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". mocha emerald eastern North America[9]
Somatochlora lingyinensis Zhou & Wa, 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Zhejiang[8]
File:Somatochlora margarita 62649876.jpg Somatochlora margarita Donnelly, 1962Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Texas emerald Texas and Louisiana[9]
File:Balkan Emerald (14573026122).jpg Somatochlora meridionalis Nielsen, 1935Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Balkan emerald southeastern Europe[20]
File:Brilliant emerald (Somatochlora metallica) teneral male.jpg Somatochlora metallica (Vander Linden, 1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". brilliant emerald Europe[7]
File:Somatochlora minor 19471524.jpg Somatochlora minor Calvert, 1898Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". ocellated emerald Canada, northern United States[9]
Somatochlora ozarkensis Bird, 1933Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ozark emerald Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma[9]
File:Somatochlora provocans.jpg Somatochlora provocans Calvert, 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". treetop emerald southeastern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora sahlbergi 93175624.jpg Somatochlora sahlbergi Trybom, 1889Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". treeline emerald northwestern Canada, Alaska, northern Russia, Scandinavia[9][7]
File:Somatochlora semicircularis 75632953.jpg Somatochlora semicircularis (Selys, 1871)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". mountain emerald western North America[9]
File:Somatochlora septentrionalis 59789891.jpg Somatochlora septentrionalis (Hagen, 1861)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". muskeg emerald Canada[9]
Somatochlora shanxiensis Zhu & Zhang, 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Hubei, Shanxi[8]
Somatochlora shennong Zhang, Vogt & Cai, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Guangxi, Hubei[8]
Somatochlora taiwana Inoue & Yokota 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Taiwan[8]
File:Somatochlora tenebrosa 32878078.jpg Somatochlora tenebrosa (Say, 1840)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". clamp-tipped emerald eastern North America[9]
File:Somatochlora uchidai2.jpg Somatochlora uchidai Förster, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Japan, China and Russia[21]
File:Somatochlora viridiaenea(Female,Japan,2018.08.26).jpg Somatochlora viridiaenea (Uhler, 1858)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Japan, eastern Russia[17]
File:Somatochlora walshii 60050742.jpg Somatochlora walshii (Scudder, 1866)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". brush-tipped emerald Canada, northern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora whitehousei maurice13 55392646.jpg Somatochlora whitehousei Walker, 1925Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Whitehouse's emerald Canada, northwestern United States[9]
File:Somatochlora williamsoni 9429043.jpg Somatochlora williamsoni Walker, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Williamson's emerald eastern North America[9]

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Template:World Odonata List
  3. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Template:Taxonbar

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