Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Solar eclipse". A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Wednesday, July 22, 2009,[1][2][3][4] with a magnitude of 1.07991. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 5.5 hours after perigee (on July 21, 2009, at 21:10 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[5]

This was the longest total solar eclipse during the 21st century, with totality lasting a maximum of 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds off the coast of Southeast Asia,[6] causing tourist interest in eastern China, Pakistan, Japan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh.

Visibility

File:Varanasi during Total Solar Eclipse 2009.jpg
View from a boat in Ganges

The total eclipse was visible from a narrow corridor through northern India, eastern Nepal, northern Bangladesh, Bhutan, the northern tip of Myanmar, central China and the Pacific Ocean, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands, the whole Volcano Islands except South Iwo Jima, Marshall Islands, and Kiribati.

Totality was visible in many large cities, including Dhaka and Dinajpur, and Chapai Nawabganj district in Bangladesh; Surat, Vadodara, Bhopal, Varanasi, Patna, Gaya, Siliguri, Tawang and Guwahati in India; and Chengdu, Nanchong, Chongqing, Yichang, Jingzhou, Wuhan, Huanggang, Hefei, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Huzhou, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shanghai as well as over the Three Gorges Dam in China. However, in Shanghai, the largest city in the eclipse's path, the view was obscured by heavy clouds.[7][8] According to NASA, the Japanese island Kitaio Jima was predicted to have the best viewing conditions[9][10] featuring both longer viewing time (being the closest point of land to the point of greatest eclipse) and lower cloud cover statistics than all of continental Asia.

Most of the path of totality was west of the 180th meridian, with only Nikumaroro in Kiribati east of it. However, time zone of the Phoenix Islands including Nikumaroro was changed from UTC−11 to UTC+13 in 1995, so total eclipse visible from land was completely on July 22.

A partial eclipse was seen within the broad path of the Moon's penumbra, including most of Southeast Asia (all of Pakistan, India and China), East Asia, northern Oceania, and Hawaii. Most of these areas are west of the 180th meridian, seeing the eclipse on July 22, while a part of islands in the Pacific are east of the 180th meridian, seeing the eclipse on July 21.

The eclipse, and the reaction of thousands of observers at Varanasi was captured by the Science Channel Wonders of the Universe series hosted by Brian Cox.[11]

This eclipse may be the most-viewed total solar eclipse in history, with 30 million people in Shanghai and Hangzhou alone.[12]

Observations

File:22Jul09 eclipse Varanasi.jpg
Crowds gather on the ghats of Ganges for the eclipse in Varanasi, India.

Thousands of pilgrims gathered on the banks of the Ganges River in Varanasi, India to experience the eclipse as a religious or spiritual event. Some people expected that there would be a relationship, either positive or negative, between their health and the occurrence of the eclipse.[13]

Indian scientists observed the solar eclipse from an Indian Air Force plane.[14]

The Chinese government used the opportunity to provide scientific education and to dispel any superstition. A flight by China Eastern Airlines from Wuhan to Shanghai took a slight detour and followed the course of the eclipse to allow longer observation time for the scientists on board.

Observers in Japan were excited by the prospect of experiencing the first eclipse in 46 years, but found the experience dampened by cloudy skies obscuring the view.

In Bangladesh, where the eclipse lasted approximately 3 minutes and 44 seconds, thousands of people were able to witness the eclipse despite rain and overcast skies.

Duration

File:Moonsize.jpg
These identically scaled photos compare the apparent diameter of the full moon (near apogee) to the nearly new moon (visible by earthshine) on the day before the solar eclipse near lunar perigee.

This solar eclipse was the longest total solar eclipse to occur in the 21st century, and will not be surpassed in duration until 13 June 2132 (Saros 139, ascending node) which will last for 6 minutes and 55 seconds. Totality lasted for up to 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds (0.14 seconds shorter than 6 minutes and 39 seconds), with the maximum eclipse occurring in the ocean at 02:35:21 UTC about 100 km south of the Bonin Islands, southeast of Japan. The uninhabited North Iwo Jima island was the landmass with totality time closest to maximum, while the closest inhabited point was Akusekijima, where the eclipse lasted 6 minutes and 26 seconds.[15]

The cruise ship Costa Classica was chartered specifically to view this eclipse and by viewing the eclipse at the point of maximum duration and cruising along the centerline during the event, duration was extended to 6 minutes, 42 seconds.

The eclipse was part of Saros series 136, descending node, as was the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, which was slightly longer, lasting up to 6 minutes 53.08 seconds (previous eclipses of the same saros series on June 30, 1973, and June 20, 1955, were longer, lasting 7 min 03.55 and 7 min 07.74, respectively). The next event from this series will be on August 2, 2027 (6 minutes and 22.64 seconds).[16] The exceptional duration was a result of the Moon being near perigee, with the apparent diameter of the Moon 7.991% larger than the Sun (magnitude 1.07991) and the Earth being near aphelion[17] where the Sun appeared slightly smaller.

In contrast the annular solar eclipse of January 26, 2009 (Saros 131, ascending node) occurred 3.3 days after lunar apogee and 7.175% smaller apparent diameter to the sun. And the next solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 (Saros 141, ascending node) was also annular, 1.8 days before lunar apogee, with the Moon 8.097% smaller than the Sun.

Photo gallery

Totality

Partial

View from space

File:SE2009Jul22T.gif
Animation of eclipse path

The Terrain Mapping Camera in the Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission was used to image the earth during the eclipse.[18]

It was also observed by the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT:[19]


12:30 UT (pre-eclipse)
1:30 UT 		File:Solar eclipse July 2009 NOAA.jpg
Close up at 1:30 UT

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[20]

July 22, 2009 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 2009 July 21 at 23:59:22.1 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 2009 July 22 at 00:52:20.3 UTC
First Central Line 2009 July 22 at 00:53:57.4 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 2009 July 22 at 00:55:34.5 UTC
First Penumbral Internal Contact 2009 July 22 at 01:48:45.6 UTC
Greatest Duration 2009 July 22 at 02:30:22.6 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 2009 July 22 at 02:34:07.5 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 2009 July 22 at 02:35:42.1 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 2009 July 22 at 02:36:24.6 UTC
Last Penumbral Internal Contact 2009 July 22 at 03:24:06.5 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 2009 July 22 at 04:17:16.6 UTC
Last Central Line 2009 July 22 at 04:18:53.3 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 2009 July 22 at 04:20:30.0 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 2009 July 22 at 05:13:28.7 UTC
July 22, 2009 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.07991
Eclipse Obscuration 1.16620
Gamma 0.06977
Sun Right Ascension 08h06m24.1s
Sun Declination +20°16'03.0"
Sun Semi-Diameter 15'44.5"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.7"
Moon Right Ascension 08h06m29.6s
Moon Declination +20°20'07.0"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'42.7"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 1°01'19.8"
ΔT 65.9 s

Eclipse season

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight. The first and last eclipse in this sequence is separated by one synodic month.[6][21][22]

Eclipse season of July–August 2009
July 7
Ascending node (full moon)
 July 22
Descending node (new moon)
 August 6
Ascending node (full moon)
File:Lunar eclipse chart close-2009jul07.png File:SE2009Jul22T.png File:Lunar eclipse chart close-2009aug06.png
Penumbral lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 110		 Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 136		 Penumbral lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 148

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 2009

Metonic

Tzolkinex

Half-Saros

Tritos

Solar Saros 136

Inex

Triad

Solar eclipses of 2008–2011

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[23]

The partial solar eclipses on June 1, 2011 and November 25, 2011 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 2008 to 2011
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
121
File:Solar eclipse 2008Feb07-New Zealand-partial-Greg Hewgill.jpg
Partial in Christchurch, New Zealand 		February 7, 2008
File:SE2008Feb07A.png
Annular 		−0.95701 126
File:Corona.jpg
Totality in Kumul, Xinjiang, China 		August 1, 2008
File:SE2008Aug01T.png
Total 		0.83070
131
File:Annular solar eclipse pky.png
Annularity in Palangka Raya, Indonesia 		January 26, 2009
File:SE2009Jan26A.png
Annular 		−0.28197 136
File:Solar eclipse 22 July 2009 taken by Lutfar Rahman Nirjhar from Bangladesh.jpg
Totality in Kurigram District, Bangladesh 		July 22, 2009
File:SE2009Jul22T.png
Total 		0.06977
141
File:Solar annular eclipse of January 15, 2010 in Jinan, China.jpg
Annularity in Jinan, Shandong, China 		January 15, 2010
File:SE2010Jan15A.png
Annular 		0.40016 146
File:Eclipse 2010 Hao 1.JPG
Totality in Hao, French Polynesia 		July 11, 2010
File:SE2010Jul11T.png
Total 		−0.67877
151
File:Solar eclipse poland 4thjan2011.jpg
Partial in Poland 		January 4, 2011
File:SE2011Jan04P.png
Partial 		1.06265 156 July 1, 2011
File:SE2011Jul01P.png
Partial 		−1.49171

Saros 136

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 136, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 71 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on June 14, 1360. It contains annular eclipses from September 8, 1504 through November 12, 1594; hybrid eclipses from November 22, 1612 through January 17, 1703; and total eclipses from January 27, 1721 through May 13, 2496. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on July 30, 2622. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 9 at 32 seconds on September 8, 1504, and the longest duration of totality was produced by member 34 at 7 minutes, 7.74 seconds on June 20, 1955. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[24]

Series members 26–47 occur between 1801 and 2200:
26 27 28
File:SE1811Mar24T.png
March 24, 1811 		File:SE1829Apr03T.png
April 3, 1829 		File:SE1847Apr15T.png
April 15, 1847
29 30 31
File:SE1865Apr25T.gif
April 25, 1865 		File:SE1883May06T.png
May 6, 1883 		File:SE1901May18T.png
May 18, 1901
32 33 34
File:SE1919May29T.png
May 29, 1919 		File:SE1937Jun08T.png
June 8, 1937 		File:SE1955Jun20T.png
June 20, 1955
35 36 37
File:SE1973Jun30T.png
June 30, 1973 		File:SE1991Jul11T.png
July 11, 1991 		File:SE2009Jul22T.png
July 22, 2009
38 39 40
File:SE2027Aug02T.png
August 2, 2027 		File:SE2045Aug12T.png
August 12, 2045 		File:SE2063Aug24T.png
August 24, 2063
41 42 43
File:SE2081Sep03T.png
September 3, 2081 		File:SE2099Sep14T.png
September 14, 2099 		File:SE2117Sep26T.png
September 26, 2117
44 45 46
File:SE2135Oct07T.png
October 7, 2135 		File:SE2153Oct17T.png
October 17, 2153 		File:SE2171Oct29T.png
October 29, 2171
47
File:SE2189Nov08T.png
November 8, 2189

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

21 eclipse events between July 22, 1971 and July 22, 2047
July 22 May 9–11 February 26–27 December 14–15 October 2–3
116 118 120 122 124
File:SE1971Jul22P.png
July 22, 1971 		File:SE1975May11P.png
May 11, 1975 		File:SE1979Feb26T.png
February 26, 1979 		File:SE1982Dec15P.png
December 15, 1982 		File:SE1986Oct03H.png
October 3, 1986
126 128 130 132 134
File:SE1990Jul22T.png
July 22, 1990 		File:SE1994May10A.png
May 10, 1994 		File:SE1998Feb26T.png
February 26, 1998 		File:SE2001Dec14A.png
December 14, 2001 		File:SE2005Oct03A.png
October 3, 2005
136 138 140 142 144
File:SE2009Jul22T.png
July 22, 2009 		File:SE2013May10A.png
May 10, 2013 		File:SE2017Feb26A.png
February 26, 2017 		File:SE2020Dec14T.png
December 14, 2020 		File:SE2024Oct02A.png
October 2, 2024
146 148 150 152 154
File:SE2028Jul22T.png
July 22, 2028 		File:SE2032May09A.png
May 9, 2032 		File:SE2036Feb27P.png
February 27, 2036 		File:SE2039Dec15T.png
December 15, 2039 		File:SE2043Oct03A.png
October 3, 2043
156
File:SE2047Jul22P.png
July 22, 2047

Tritos series

Template:Solar Tritos series 2009 July 22

Inex series

Template:Solar Inex series 2009 July 22

Notes

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  7. ↑ 99.56% totality was observed in Kamat Maath, Binodpur, Chapai Nawabgan, the western part of Bangladesh.
    In Sichuan province, China, 150 km southwest of Chengdu many people ascended Mount Emei to view the eclipse. While viewing conditions were not ideal due to thick cloud cover, typical of this region and altitude, the effects were reported as impressive. The summit of Mt. Emei contains numerous Buddhist temples and statues, as well as a large candle and incense lighting ceremony/area. During the eclipse day turned to night, leaving only the candles to cast a unique lighting on the adjacent Buddhist statues and buildings.
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  8. ↑ Weather conditions for cities in China during the July 22 eclipse Template:In lang
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References

Pre-eclipse news:

Photos:

External links

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