Sofer
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A sofer, sopher, sofer SeTaM, or sofer ST"M (Template:Langx, "scribe"; plural Template:Transliteration, Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a Jewish scribe who can transcribe Sifrei Kodesh (holy scrolls), tefillin (phylacteries), mezuzot (Script error: No such module "anchor".ST"M, Script error: No such module "Lang"., is an abbreviation of these three terms) and other religious writings.
Description
Soferim are men who are trained and permitted to transcribe Jewish texts according to the laws of Judaism:
- Sefer torah, a complete copy of Torah read by Jewish men during prayer.
- Tefillin, scrolls of Torah verses worn by Jewish adults during prayer.
- Mezuzot, scrolls of Torah verses placed on the doors of Jewish households.
collectively known as ST"M.
By simple definition, soferim are copyists, but their religious role in Judaism is much more. Besides sifrei Torah, tefillin, and mezuzot, scribes are necessary to write the Five Megillot (scrolls of the Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Ecclesiastes, and Book of Lamentations), Nevi'im (the books of the prophets, used for reading the haftarah), and for Template:Transliteration, divorce documents. Many scribes also function as calligraphers—writing functional documents such as Template:Transliteration (marriage contracts), or ornamental and artistic renditions of religious texts, which do not require any scribal qualifications, and to which the rules on lettering and parchment specifications do not apply.
The major halakha pertaining to Template:Transliteration, the practice of scribal arts, is in the Talmud in the tractate "Maseket Sofrim". In the Torah's 613 commandments, the second to last[1] is that every Jew should write a sefer Torah before they die.[2]
Qualifications and education
A sofer must be religiously observant, of good character, and knowledgeable about the laws concerning sofrut. It is a common misconception that one has to be a rabbi in order to become a sofer.[3]
People who want to become ritual scribes usually learn from another expert scribe by undergoing Template:Transliteration (apprenticeship), since it would be impossible for someone to be a scribe without any actual practice. Newly certified scribes write Megilat Esther scrolls.[4] The hardest part about learning to be a sofer is not the calligraphy, but, rather, remembering the thousands of laws that apply to sifrei Torah, tefillin, mezuzot, and all the other texts that are written on parchment.
Texts teaching sofrut
The main texts from which Ashkenaz soferim learn the scribal art include the Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Mishnah Berurah (24-45), Mishneh Torah (Hilchot Tefillin u'Mezuzah v'Sefer Torah, Hilchot Tzitzit), Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, and the Template:Transliteration.[5]
Sephardic soferim rely, in addition to Mishneh Torah (Hilchot Tefillin u'Mezuzah v'Sefer Torah, Hilchot Tzitzit), on Arba'ah Turim, Template:Transliteration, and Shulchan Arukh.[6]
Baladi Rite Yemenite (Teimani) scribes try to follow as closely as possible only the instruction of the Rambam, i.e. Mishneh Torah (Hilchot Tefillin u'Mezuzah v'Sefer Torah, Hilchot Tzitzit), though before Mishneh Torah, their standard was based on the Rama, i.e. Rabbi Meir ben Todros HaLevy Abulafia.[7]
Women and sofrut
Forming the basis for the discussion of women becoming soferim, Talmud Template:Transliteration 45b states, "Sifrei Torah, tefillin and mezuzot written by a heretic, a star-worshipper, a slave, a woman, a minor, a Cuthean, or an apostate Jew, are unfit for ritual use."[8] The rulings on mezuzot and tefillin are virtually undisputed among those who hold to the Talmud. While Arba'ah Turim does not include women in its list of those ineligible to write Sifrei Torah, some see this as proof that women are permitted to write a sefer Torah.[9] However, today, virtually all Orthodox (both Modern and Ultra) authorities contest the permissibility of a woman's writing a sefer Torah. Yet, women are permitted to inscribe Ketubot (marriage contracts), STaM not intended for ritual use, and other writings of Template:Transliteration beyond simple STaM. In 2003, Canadian Aviel Barclay became the world's first known, traditionally trained, soferet.[10][11]
Among non-Orthodox Jews, women have written Torah scrolls since the early 2000s. In 2007 Jen Taylor Friedman, a British woman, became the first woman to scribe a sefer Torah.[12] In 2010, the first sefer Torah scribed by a group of six women (from Brazil, Canada, Israel, and the United States) was completed;[13] this was known as the Women's Torah Project.[14] Since then, other women have written Torah scrolls.[15] Template:As of, there were an estimated 50 female sofers around the world.[16]
Documents written by scribes
Besides Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot, scribes are also necessary for the writing of the Five Megillot (scrolls of the Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Ecclesiastes, and Book of Lamentations) and Nevi'im (the books of the prophets, used for reading the haftarah), and for Template:Transliteration (divorce documents). In some communities, especially Chaim Kanievsky's community in Bnei Brak, soferim also write the other books of the Bible, such as Psalms or the Book of Ezra. This was promoted in 19th-century Jerusalem by Rabbi Shemuel Shelomo Boyarski.
Calligraphy and lettering
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". There are many rules concerning the proper formation of letters that must be followed if a written text is to be deemed religiously valid.[17] The Ashkenazi, Sefardi, Chabad (Lubavitch), and Mizrahi Jews each have their own script for forming the letters, though the same rules apply throughout the text. Generally, regarding sifrei Torah, none of these groups would consider that these differences would render a Torah Template:Transliteration (ritually unfit or invalid).
The documents must be written on properly prepared parchment or vellum known as klaf.
Many scribes also function as calligraphers—writing functional documents like ketubot, or ornamental and artistic renditions of religious texts—which do not require any scribal qualifications, and to which the rules on lettering and parchment specifications do not apply.
See also
References and notes
External links
- Vaad Mishmereth STaM
- What makes ST"M pasul
- Overview of a sofer's work www.sofer.co.uk
- Learning to be a sofer
- Machon Melechet Shamayim Sofer Stam School
Template:Sofer Template:Authority control
- ↑ 82nd of the 613 commandments as enumerated by Rashi, and the second to final as it occurs in the text of the Torah, Book of Deuteronomy 31:19, the final being in Deuteronomy 32:38
- ↑ Template:Bibleverse-lb
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- ↑ Brian Tice, K'tav Tam Sephardi: A Compendium of Classic Sources on Jewish Scribal Rules (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Yiddishkeit 101, 2021).
- ↑ Brian Tice, K'tav Tam Teimani: A Compendium of Classic Sources on Jewish Scribal Rules (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Yiddishkeit 101, 2021).
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- ↑ Tur, Orah Hayyim 271
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- ↑ Some details on letters, with animations Template:Webarchive