Isotopes of sodium
Template:Short description Template:Infobox sodium isotopes There are 20 isotopes of sodium (11Na), ranging from Template:Chem/link to Template:Chem/link (except for the still-unknown 36Na and 38Na),[1] and five isomers (two for Template:Chem/link, and one each for Template:Chem/link, Template:Chem/link, and Template:Chem/link). Template:Chem/link is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. It is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of Script error: No such module "val".. Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (Template:Chem/link, with a half-life of Script error: No such module "val".;Template:Refn and Template:Chem/link, with a half-life of Script error: No such module "val".). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is the unbound Template:Chem/link, with a half-life of Script error: No such module "val". seconds (although the half-life of the similarly unbound 17Na is not measured).
Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable Template:Chem/link (in the form of Na+ ion) in human blood plasma to Template:Chem/link. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.
Template:Chem/link is a positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for positron emission tomography.
List of isotopes
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Template:Isotopes table
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| style="text-align:right" | 6
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| p
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| (1/2+)
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| style="text-align:right" | 7
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| style="text-align:right" | 11
| style="text-align:right" | 8
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| p
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| (5/2+)
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|-
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 9
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| rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val".
| β+ (Script error: No such module "val".)
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| rowspan=2|2+
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|-
| β+α (Script error: No such module "val".)
| Template:SimpleNuclide
|-
| Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:SimpleNuclide
| style="text-align:right" | 11
| style="text-align:right" | 10
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| β+
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| 3/2+
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|-
| rowspan=2|[[Sodium-22|Template:SimpleNuclide]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
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| rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val".Template:Refn
| β+ (Script error: No such module "val".)
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| rowspan=2|3+
| rowspan=2|Trace[n 2]
|-
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| Template:SimpleNuclide
|-id=Sodium-22m1
| style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | Script error: No such module "val".
| Script error: No such module "val".
| IT
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| 1+
|
|-id=Sodium-22m2
| style="text-indent:1em" | Template:SimpleNuclide
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | Script error: No such module "val".
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| IT
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| 0+
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|-
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| style="text-align:right" | 11
| style="text-align:right" | 12
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| colspan=3 align=center|Stable
| 3/2+
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| [[Sodium-24|Template:SimpleNuclide]]
| style="text-align:right" | 11
| style="text-align:right" | 13
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| β−
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| 4+
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| IT (Script error: No such module "val".)
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| rowspan=2|1+
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| style="text-align:right" | 11
| style="text-align:right" | 14
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| β−
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| 5/2+
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| style="text-align:right" | 11
| style="text-align:right" | 15
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| β−
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| 3+
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|-id=Sodium-26m
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| IT
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| 1+
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|-
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
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|-
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| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 17
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| rowspan=2|
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|-
| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:SimpleNuclide
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 18
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| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val".
| β− (Script error: No such module "val".)
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| rowspan=3|3/2+
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| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 19
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| rowspan=4|Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:SimpleNuclide
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 20
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| β− (> Script error: No such module "val".)
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| rowspan=4|
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| β−n (Script error: No such module "val".)
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| β−2n (Script error: No such module "val".)
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| β−3n (< Script error: No such module "val".)
| Template:SimpleNuclide
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| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21
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| β− (Script error: No such module "val".)
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| rowspan=3|(3−)
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| β−n (Script error: No such module "val".)
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| β−2n (Script error: No such module "val".)
| Template:SimpleNuclide
|-id=Sodium-32m
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | Script error: No such module "val".
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| IT
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| (0+,6−)
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| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
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| rowspan=3|(3/2+)
| rowspan=3|
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| β−2n (Script error: No such module "val".)
| Template:SimpleNuclide
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| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23
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| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val".
| β−2n (~Script error: No such module "val".)
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| rowspan=3|1+
| rowspan=3|
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| β−n (~Script error: No such module "val".)
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|-
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| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val".#
| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val".
| β−
| Template:SimpleNuclide
| rowspan=3|3/2+#
| rowspan=3|
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| Template:SimpleNuclide ?
|-
| β−2n ?[n 3]
| Template:SimpleNuclide ?
|-
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| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26
| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val".#
| rowspan=3|1# ms [> Script error: No such module "val".]
| β− ?[n 3]
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| rowspan=3|3/2+#
| rowspan=3|
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| β−n ?[n 3]
| Template:SimpleNuclide ?
|-
| β−2n ?[n 3]
| Template:SimpleNuclide ?
|-
| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:SimpleNuclide[1]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
| rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val".#
| rowspan=3|1# ms [> Script error: No such module "val".]
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| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−n ?[n 3]
| Template:SimpleNuclide ?
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| β−2n ?[n 3]
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|-
Template:Isotopes table/footer
Sodium-22
Sodium-22 is a radioactive isotope of sodium, undergoing positron emission to Template:Chem/link with a half-life of Script error: No such module "val".. Template:Chem/link is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold positrons" (antimatter) to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It is also commonly used as a positron source in positron annihilation spectroscopy.[3]
Sodium-23
Sodium-23 is an isotope of sodium with an atomic mass of 22.98976928. It is the only stable isotope of sodium and also the only primordial isotope. Because of its abundance, sodium-23 is used in nuclear magnetic resonance in various research fields, including materials science and battery research.[4] Sodium-23 relaxation has applications in studying cation-biomolecule interactions, intracellular and extracellular sodium, ion transport in batteries, and quantum information processing.[5]
Sodium-24
Sodium-24 is radioactive and can be created from common sodium-23 by neutron activation. With a half-life of Script error: No such module "val"., Template:Chem/link decays to Template:Chem/link by emission of an electron and two gamma rays.[6][7]
Exposure of the human body to intense neutron radiation creates Template:Chem/link in the blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine the absorbed radiation dose of a patient.[7] This can be used to determine the type of medical treatment required.
When sodium is used as coolant in fast breeder reactors, Template:Chem/link is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the Template:Chem/link decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half-life is short, the Template:Chem/link portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires,[8] as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason the primary cooling loop is within a containment vessel.
Sodium has been proposed as a casing for a salted bomb, as it would convert to Template:Chem/link and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.[9][10]
See also
Daughter products other than sodium
Notes
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References
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- ↑ Unusual occurrences during LMFR operation, Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting held in Vienna, 9–13 November 1998, IAEA. Pages 84, 122.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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External links
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