Snæfellsjökull

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Infobox mountain Snæfellsjökull (Script error: No such module "IPA"., snow-fell glacier) is a 700,000-year-old glacier-capped stratovolcano in western Iceland.[1] It is situated on the westernmost part of the Snæfellsnes peninsula. Sometimes it may be seen from the city of Reykjavík over Faxa Bay, at a distance of Script error: No such module "convert"..

The mountain is one of the most famous sites of Iceland, primarily due to the novel Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864) by Jules Verne, in which the protagonists find the entrance to a passage leading to the center of the Earth on Snæfellsjökull.

The mountain is part of Snæfellsjökull National Park (Icelandic: Þjóðgarðurinn Snæfellsjökull).[2]

Snæfellsjökull was visible from an extreme distance due to an arctic mirage on 17 July 1939. Captain Robert Bartlett of the Effie M. Morrissey sighted Snæfellsjökull from a position some Script error: No such module "convert". distant.[3]

In August 2012, the summit was ice-free for the first time in recorded history.[4] The icecap area had been Template:Cvt in 1946,[5] Template:Cvt in 1999 reducing to Template:Cvt in 2008.[6][5]

Geology

The stratovolcano, which is the only large central volcano in its part of Iceland, has many pyroclastic cones on its flanks. Upper-flank craters produced intermediate to felsic materials. Several holocene eruptions have originated from the summit crater and have produced felsic material,[7] with pumice from the two most recent major eruptions being alkaline trachyte trending in composition close to rhyolite.[8] Lower-flank craters have produced basaltic lava flows with classic basalt composition.[8] The latest flank eruption was of Template:Cvt of basaltic material in the Template:Cvt Væjuhraun lava flow and occurred shortly after the last central volcano eruption.[9] This main eruption had been explosive and originated from the summit crater.[10][11] It is dated to about Script error: No such module "val". CE,[7]Template:Efn and was also associated with the eruption of viscous lava that covered Template:Cvt.[9] In all three large, perhaps up to VEI 4 plinian rhyoliticTemplate:Efn eruptions have occurred during the Holocene producing tephra.[9]Template:Efn These occurred about 1800, 4000 and 8500 years ago.[9]Template:Efn

Snæfellsjökull is also associated with a fissure field that last erupted to the west forming the Væjuhraun lava flow as already mentioned.[9] To the east of Snæfellsjökull this fissure field last erupted between 5 and 8 thousand years ago.[12] This eruption formed the Template:Cvt Búðahraun lava field from the crater Búðaklettur, south-west of Búðir.[12] This is part of the Snæfellsjökull volcanic system which in turn is part of the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (Snæfellsnes volcanic zone).[9] This is an area of renewed intra-plate volcanism in the North American Plate,[13] with rocks no older locally than 800,000 years,[9] that overlay an extinct rift zone that produced the more than 5 million years old crustal basement tholeiitic flood basalts of the Snæfellsnes peninsula.[12]

Hazards

The Snæfellsjökull volcanic system has the potential for lava flows, explosive tephra eruptions (e.g. air traffic during a major rhyolitic eruption), tsunami generation (perhaps one flank collapse has occurred historically) and Jökulhlaups.[9]

File:Snæfellsjökullfromthesea.JPG
Snæfellsjökull from the sea
File:Snæfellsjökull19Ice.JPG
Volcanic plugs at the summit
File:Snæfellsjökull Mountain.jpg
Snæfellsjökull Mountain
File:View from Snæfellsjökull on the summer solstice.jpg
View from Snæfellsjökull on the summer solstice.
File:Snæfellsjökull aerial panorama.png
Snæfellsjökull aerial panorama, taken from its west side in June 2017

Climbing

In summer, the saddle near the summit can be reached easily by walking, although the glacier's crevasses must be avoided. Several tour companies run regular guided walks during the season.[14] Reaching the true summit requires technical ice climbing.

In culture

Literature

Snæfellsjökull serves as the entrance to the subterranean journey in Jules Verne's classic science fiction novel, Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864). It is also featured in the 1960s Blind Birds trilogy by Czech SF writer Ludvík Souček, loosely inspired by Verne's work. While trying to discern whether Verne actually visited Iceland, a Czechoslovak-Icelandic science party discovers an ancient alien outpost in the cave system under Snæfellsjökull.

It also figures prominently in the novel Under the Glacier (1968) by Icelandic Nobel laureate Halldór Laxness.[15]

Radio and podcasting

Snæfellsjökull is the setting and subject of "Lava and Ice" (episode 2) of Wireless Nights, Jarvis Cocker's BBC Radio 4 and podcast series.[16]

Presidential election

The campaign "Snæfellsjökul [sic] fyrir forseta" (Template:Translation) proposed Snæfellsjökull as a candidate in the 2024 Icelandic presidential election, asserting that it met the requirements of being an Icelandic citizen, aged over 35, with no criminal record, and with a supporting petition.[17][18]

See also

Template:Sister project

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ The Arctic Mirage: Aid To Discovery Visited 5 Aug 2021.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Template:Rp
  6. ↑ Template:Cite thesisTemplate:Rp
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  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Template:Cite gvp
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Template:Rp
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ The Ultimate Guide to Snaefellsnes Peninsula
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Additional sources

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External links

Template:Volcanoes of Iceland Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:National parks of Iceland

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