Slender salamander
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Batrachoseps is a genus of lungless salamanders (plethodontids) often called slender salamanders. They can be distinguished from other lungless salamanders by the four toes they have on each foot.
Their genus name Batracho-seps means "frog-lizard", in reference to their projectile tongues.
Diet and physiology
The lungless salamanders, in addition to having no lungs, have long slender snake-shaped bodies with very small limbs that appear almost vestigial in several species.[1] Their main diet consists of small insects, such as springtails, small bark beetles, crickets, young snails, mites, and spiders. Like all salamanders in this family, they have long frog-like projectile tongues which they use to grab their prey in a flash.
Unlike all other amphibians (and birds, and lizards, and nearly all fish) mature red blood cells in species in the genus Batrachoseps have no nucleus, which is a trait that is known to occur only in mammals and certain species of antarctic fish.[2]
Distribution
Batrachoseps range from Oregon and California (USA) to northern Baja California (Mexico). Slender salamanders in California tolerate a diverse variety of environments, as long as their basic needs are met.[3]
Species
21 species are recognized in this genus, but their taxonomy is uncertain. Some species may in fact be subspecies of others, and some subspecies may be distinct species of their own. Genetic analysis is in process.
| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Year described | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greenhorn Mountains slender salamander | Batrachoseps altasierrae | Jockusch et al., 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Kern and Tulare counties, California, USA | |
| File:Batrachoseps attenuatus - California slender salamander.jpg | California slender salamander | Batrachoseps attenuatus | Eschscholtz, 1833Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Sierra Nevada, California, and northern Central Valley of California, and southwestern Oregon |
| Fairview slender salamander | Batrachoseps bramei | Jockusch, et al., 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | California | |
| Inyo Mountains slender salamander | Batrachoseps campi | Marlow, Brode & Wake, 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Inyo County of eastern California | |
| Hell Hollow slender salamander | Batrachoseps diabolicus | Jockusch, Wake & Yanev, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | California, in Mariposa County | |
| File:Batrachoseps gabrieli.jpg | San Gabriel slender salamander | Batrachoseps gabrieli | Wake, 1996Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, California |
| File:Batrachoseps gavilanensis - Gabilan Mountains Slender Salamander 02.jpg | Gabilan Mountains slender salamander | Batrachoseps gavilanensis | Jockusch, Yanev & Wake, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Central Coast region from Santa Cruz to northern Kern County, California |
| File:Batrachoseps gregarius.jpg | Gregarious slender salamander | Batrachoseps gregarius | Jockusch, Wake & Yanev, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | western Sierra Nevada and the eastern Central Valley in California |
| San Simeon slender salamander | Batrachoseps incognitus | Jockusch, Yanev & Wake, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | south-western Monterey and northern San Luis Obispo Counties, California | |
| File:Batrachoseps kawia.jpg | Sequoia slender salamander | Batrachoseps kawia | Jockusch, Wake & Yanev, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Tulare County, California |
| File:Batrachoseps luciae.jpg | San Lucia Mountains slender salamander | Batrachoseps luciae | Jockusch, Yanev & Wake, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Monterey County, California |
| File:Garden Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps major).jpg | Garden slender salamander | Batrachoseps major | Camp, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | northern Baja California in Mexico and Southern California, United States |
| Lesser slender salamander | Batrachoseps minor | Jockusch, Yanev & Wake, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | San Luis Obispo County, California | |
| File:Batrachoseps nigriventris (Black-bellied Slender Salamander).jpg | Black-bellied slender salamander | Batrachoseps nigriventris | Cope, 1869Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | California |
| File:Channel Islands Slender Salamander - Flickr - GregTheBusker.jpg | Pacific slender salamander | Batrachoseps pacificus | (Cope, 1865)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Channel Islands of California |
| King's River slender salamander | Batrachoseps regius | Jockusch, Wake & Yanev, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Fresno County, California | |
| Relictual slender salamander | Batrachoseps relictus | Brame & Murray, 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Kern County, California. | |
| Kern Plateau slender salamander | Batrachoseps robustus | Wake, Yanev & Hansen, 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Tulare and Inyo, and Kern Counties, California | |
| Kern Canyon slender salamander | Batrachoseps simatus | Brame & Murray, 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Kern County, California | |
| File:Batrachoseps-stebbinsi.jpg | Tehachapi slender salamander | Batrachoseps stebbinsi | Brame & Murray, 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Kern County, California |
| Arguello slender salamander | Batrachoseps wakei | Sweet & Jockusch, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Santa Barbara County, California | |
| File:Batrachoseps wrighti.jpg | Oregon slender salamander | Batrachoseps wrighti | (Bishop, 1937)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Oregon |
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Intrinsic Phylogeny
Script error: No such module "Clade". Intrinsic phylogeny tree of genus Batrachoseps.[4]
See also
References
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External links
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php American Museum of Natural History.
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". AmphibiaWeb is available at http://amphibiaweb.org/.
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