Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism

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Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism is a Sri Lankan political ideology which combines a focus upon Sinhalese culture and ethnicity (nationalism) with an emphasis upon Theravada Buddhism, which is the majority belief system of most of the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka. It mostly revived in reaction to the colonisation of Sri Lanka by the British Empire and became increasingly assertive in the years following the independence of the country.

Sinhalese nationalism has generally been influenced by the contents of the Mahavamsa, the major Pali chronicle, written in the 6th century.

Origins

The Sinhalese Buddhist national chronicle Mahavamsa ('Great Chronicle'), composed in the sixth century CE by Buddhist monks, contains historical accounts and mythological stories that have played a significant role in shaping and strengthening Sinhalese Buddhist identity.[1][2][3]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4][5][6][7][8] The Mahavamsa describes Gautama Buddha's three visits to Sri Lanka, during which he blesses and sanctifies the island, paving the way for his teachings to flourish there. The text also portrays the Buddha as instructing deities to protect the ancestors of the Sinhalese (Prince Vijaya and his followers from North India), enabling them to establish and propagate Buddhism in Sri Lanka.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". These inspiring narratives have contributed to the deeply held Sinhalese Buddhist belief that Sri Lanka is Sihadipa (island of the Sinhalese) and Dhammadipa (the island chosen to preserve and propagate Buddhism), instilling a strong sense of religious and national identity.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Myths

The Mahavamsa, a 6th century CE chronicle, has had a profound influence on Sinhalese Buddhist culture and identity. The text contains mythological accounts of the Buddha's visits to Sri Lanka, during which he is said to have sanctified the island as a haven for Buddhism and entrusted its protection to the Sinhalese people.[9]

The Mahavamsa also recounts the story of the Buddhist warrior king Dutugamunu and his battle against the Tamil king Elara to unite Sri Lanka under a Buddhist monarch. While the text depicts Elara as a good ruler, Dutugamunu's campaign is portrayed as necessary for the restoration and glory of Buddhism on the island.[10]

Scholars have noted that the Mahavamsa's narratives have contributed to a belief among some Sinhalese Buddhists that they are the Buddha's chosen people and that Sri Lanka is a sacred Buddhist land.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The text's depiction of the Buddha driving away Yakkhas, the island's non-human inhabitants, to establish Buddhism has been interpreted by some as providing justification for the use of violence in the name of religion and the removal of groups seen as uncooperative with Buddhist goals.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". However, the Mahavamsa remains an important religious and cultural text that has helped to shape Sinhalese Buddhist identity over many centuries.

Contributions of Anagarika Dharmapala

Anagarika Dharmapala was one of the leading contributors to the Buddhist revival of the 19th century that led to the creation of Buddhist institutions and Buddhist schools to match those of the Christian missionaries, and to the independence movement of the 20th century. He illustrated the first three points in a public speech:

This bright, beautiful island was made into a Paradise by the Aryan Sinhalese before its destruction was brought about by the barbaric vandals. Its people did not know irreligion... Christianity and polytheism are responsible for the vulgar practices of killing animals, stealing, prostitution, licentiousness, lying and drunkenness... The ancient, historic, refined people, under the diabolism of vicious paganism, introduced by the British administrators, are now declining slowly away.[11]

He called upon the Sinhalese people to rise. He strongly protested consumption of alcohol, killing of cattle and promoted vegetarianism.[12]

Relationship with other religions in Sri Lanka

Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism has a fractious relationship with other religious communities like Christians and Muslims,[13] with protests often being organised by Buddhist nationalist organisations against Christians in the governance of the country through movements like Catholic Action.[14] Relations between Buddhist nationalists and Hindus are more peaceful and friendly, with numerous Hindu figures, including Kandiah Neelakandan and T. Maheswaran working with Buddhist groups on the anti-conversion bill.[15] Also, D. B. S. Jeyaraj noted that both Sri Lankan Hindu nationalism and Buddhist nationalism rose as reactions to Christianity.[16] Hindu-Buddhist collaboration is growing more prevalent in Sri Lanka, with the rise of groups such as the Hindu-Buddhist Friendship Society.[17]

In recent times the relationship between Sinhala Buddhist Nationalists and Sri Lankan Catholics has improved over several shared interests such as opposition to sterilisation and banning private tuition classes during religious holidays. Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith, who has served as Archbishop of Colombo since 2009, has also opposed secularism and supported Buddhism as state religion, which has received praise from Buddhist clergy.[18][19][20] However Evangelical Christians continue to be distrusted.[21]

Organisations

Political parties

Party Symbol Founded Leader MPs Coalition(s) <templatestyles src="Template:Tooltip/styles.css" />Refs.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
bgcolor=Template:Party color| Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
File:Election Symbol Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Sri Lanka.png
 1965 Anura Kumara Dissanayake Template:Composition bar DNA (2009–2010), UPFA (2004–2005), NPP (2019–) [22][23][24][25]
bgcolor=Template:Party color| Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna
File:Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna election symbol.svg
 2016 Mahinda Rajapaksa Template:Composition bar SLPFA (2019–2022) [26][27]
bgcolor=Template:Party color| Mawbima Janatha Pakshaya
File:Election Symbol Maubima Janatha Pakshaya Sri Lanka.png
 2023 Dilith Jayaweera Template:Composition bar SB (2024–)
bgcolor=Template:Party color| Sri Lanka Freedom Party
File:Sri Lanka Freedom Party election symbol.png
 1951 Disputed Template:Composition bar MEP (1956–1959), SP (1968–1977), PA (1994–),
UPFA (2004–2019), SLPFA (2019–2022), FPA (2023–2024) 		[28][29]
bgcolor=Template:Party color| Jathika Nidahas Peramuna 2008 Wimal Weerawansa Template:Composition bar SLPFA (2019–2022), ULC (2022–), FPA (2023–2024)
bgcolor=Template:Party color| Jathika Hela Urumaya 2004 Ven. Omalpe Sobhitha Thero Template:Composition bar UPFA (2010), UNF (2015–2020), SJB (2020–)
New Lanka Freedom Party
File:Election Symbol Horseshoe Sri Lanka.png
 2020 vacant Template:Composition bar SJB (2020–2024)
bgcolor=Template:Party color| Sinhalaye Mahasammatha Bhoomiputra Pakshaya 1990 Harischandra Wijayatunga Template:Composition bar

Other parties

Militant

Logo Name of movement Ideology Active Successor Notes
File:Bodu Bala Sena symbol.svg Bodu Bala Sena Anti-liberalism
Islamophobia
Ultranationalism 		Yes None Led by Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara, far-right by position
File:Patriotic People's Movement.svg Patriotic People's Front Marxism–Leninism
Communism 		No (1989) National People's Power Armed wing of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
File:Sinhala Ravaya Logo.jpg Sinhala Ravaya Anti-liberalism Yes None Allied with the Bodu Bala Sena
Sinhala National Force Fundamentalism Yes None Minor group
Ravana Balaya Ravanism Yes None Opposes Indian influence in Sri Lanka
Sinhalese Force Ultranationalism No (1950–1955) None Used the Nazi salute to greet its leaders
Jathika Vimukthi Peramuna Corporatism No (1957–1965) Sihala Urumaya Forced non-Sinhalese to leave Sinhalese areas

Sources:[30][31]

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Guruge 1965:482
  12. ↑ http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=148072 Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Sri Lankan Buddhist monks protest against proselytizing Christians AP Worldstream - January 22, 2004
  15. ↑ Lanka Buddhists take on Church Daily Pioneer - June 9, 2009
  16. ↑ Maheswaran threatens Tamil religious unity Script error: No such module "webarchive". The Sunday Leader - January 18, 2004
  17. ↑ Hindu-Buddhist Friendship Society soon Sunday Observer - May 30, 2004
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ The Rough Guide to Sri Lanka. 2018.

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References

  • Anagarika Dharmapala, Return to Righteousness: A Collection of Speeches, Essays and Letters of the Anagarika Dharmapala, ed. Ananda Guruge, The Anagarika Dharmapala Birth Centenary Committee, Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, Ceylon 1965
  • DeVotta, Neil. "The Utilisation of Religio-Linguistic Identities by the Sinhalese and Bengalis: Towards General Explanation". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol. 39, No. 1 (March 2001), pp. 66–95.
  • Tennakoon Vimalananda 'Buddhism in Ceylon under the Christian powers', 1963
  • Wijewardena 'The Revolt in the Temple', Sinha Publications, 1953

External links

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