Sidetic language

Template:Short description Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Sidetic is a member of the extinct Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is known from legends of coins, found in Side at the Pamphylian coast, that date to the period of approximately the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE, and from two Greek–Sidetic bilingual inscriptions from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The Greek historian Arrian in his Anabasis Alexandri (mid-2nd century CE) mentions the existence of a peculiar indigenous language in the city of Side, which is assumed to be the language of the coins and inscriptions. Sidetic was probably closely related to Lydian, Carian and Lycian.

Sidetic was written with a script of the Anatolian group. The Sidetic alphabet has 31 identified letters, a few of which are clearly derived from Greek. The script has been partially deciphered, though the phonetic values of many letters are uncertain.

Evidence

Inscriptions and coins

File:Sidetic language inscriptions.jpg

Inscriptions in Sidetic language, exhibits of the Museum of Side, Turkey. Clockwise from upper left S9, S1, S3, and S4

Coins from Side were first discovered in the 19th century, which bore legends in a then-unknown script. In 1914, an altar came to light in Side with a Greek inscription and a Sidetic one, but the latter could not be deciphered. It was only after the discovery of a second Greek-Sidetic bilingual inscription in 1949, that Hellmut Theodor Bossert was able to identify 14 letters of the Sidetic script using the two bilinguals. In 1964 a large stone block was unearthed near the east gate of Side, with two longer Sidetic texts, including loan words from Greek (istratag from στρατηγός, 'commander' and anathema- from ἀνάθημα, 'votive offering'). In 1972, a text was found outside Side for the first time, at the neighbouring town of Lyrbe-Seleukia. Currently, eleven Sidetic coins and several coins with Sidetic legends are known.

Citations

In addition to the inscriptions, two Sidetic words are known from ancient Greek texts: for cicada, mentioned by the ancient lexicographer Hesychius, and for Valeriana, cited by Galen. In addition, it is believed that some incomprehensible characters in the third book of Hippocrates' Epidemics were originally quotations of the doctor Mnemon of Side, which might have been in the Sidetic script.

Catalogue of Sidetic texts

The designated number and date of discovery are given:

• S1 = S I.1.1 Artemon bilingual from Side (1914).
• S2 = S I.1.2 Apollonios bilingual from Side (1949).
• S3 & S4 = S I.2.1-2 Strategos dedications from Side (1964).
• S5 = S II.1.1 Palimpsest bronze voting tablet (1969).
• S6 = S I.1.3 Euempolos bilingual from Lyrbe-Seleukia (1972).
• S7 = S I.2.3 Inscription on fragment of the rim of a pot (1982).
• S8 = S I.2.4 Inscription on stone Heraldes relief (1982).
• S9 = S I.2.5 A list of names, also interpreted as the "Athenodoros memorial" - at six complete lines (and traces of two more lines), this is the longest Sidetic inscription (1995).
• S10 = S III 5th century BC coins with around twenty different legends (since 19th century).
• S11 Words possibly from Mnemon, a physician of Side (1983), who added notes in Sidetic to a Greek Hippocrates manuscript.
• S12 = S II.2.1 A steatite scarab, of uncertain provenance ("acquired in Turkey"); on its underside three (?) hardly identifiable signs have been carved, possibly Sidetic (2005).
• S13 = S I.2.6 Graffito from Lyrbe-Seleukia (2014).

In addition a few Sidetic words have been handed down via classical authors, though not written in Sidetic script: "laerkinon" (λαέρκινον, = the herb valerian), "zeigarê" (ζειγάρη, a cricket, cicada).

Characteristics of Sidetic

The Sidetic script

Template:Template other Texts in the Sidetic language are written right to left in an alphabet of 31 distinct letters in inscriptions, plus another 4 characters found only on coins. Recent research is providing updates to the script: there are new letters and variants

Nollé number

N01

N02

N03

N04

N05

N06

N07

N08

N09

N10

N11

N12

N13

N14

N15

N16

N17

N18

glyph

File:Sidetic 01 a.png

File:Sidetic 02 e.png

File:Sidetic 03 i.png

File:Sidetic 04 o.png

File:Sidetic 05 u.png

File:Sidetic 06 w.png

File:Sidetic 07 j.png

File:Sidetic 08 p.png

File:Sidetic 09 tau.png

File:Sidetic 10 m.png

File:Sidetic 11 t.png

File:Sidetic 12 d.png

File:Sidetic 13 theta.png

File:Sidetic 14 z.png

File:Sidetic 15 s.png

File:Sidetic 16 n.png

File:Sidetic 17 l.png

File:Sidetic 18 s-hacek.png

(variants:)

(File:Sidetic 03 i-variant.png)

(File:Sidetic 05 u-variant.png)

(File:Sidetic 25 c-variant.png?)

(File:Sidetic 09 d2-variant.png)

(File:Sidetic 10 m-variant.png)

(File:Sidetic 13 theta-variant.png)

(File:Sidetic 14 z-variant.png)

(File:Sidetic 16 n-variant.png)

(File:Sidetic 18 s-hacek-variant.png)

Graz-Verona transliteration

a

e

i

o

u

w

y

p

d2

m

t

d

θ

s

s2

n

l

𐌣

(superseded transliterations:)

(v, j)

(j, w)

(τ, ç, φ)

(z, ś)

(s)

(š, ṯ)

notes

vowel or semivowel

no consensus transliteration

value uncertain; likely /ts/ or /ʃ/

Nolle number	N19	N20	N21	N22	N23	N24	N25	N26
glyph	File:Sidetic 19 g.png	File:Sidetic 20 khi.png	File:Sidetic 21 r.png	File:Sidetic 01 a-variant.png	File:Sidetic 23 k.png	File:Sidetic 24 n-tilde.png	File:Sidetic 25 c.png	File:Sidetic 26 delta.png
(variants:)	(File:Sidetic 19 g-variant.png)		(File:Sidetic 21 r-variant.png)			(File:Sidetic 24 n-tilde-variant.png)	(File:Sidetic 25 c-variant.png?)	(File:Sidetic 26 delta-variant.png)
transliteration	g	χ	r	V	k	b	n2	z (?)
(superseded transliterations:)						(ñ)	(c, ñ)	(δ)
notes				unknown vowel		perhaps [β]		probably [z]

Extended repertoire
glyph	File:Sidetic Brixhe21.png	File:Sidetic Brixhe22.png	File:Sidetic Brixhe23.png	Ω
(variants:)
transliteration
(superseded transliterations:)
notes	letters attested only from coins

The values of two-thirds of the letters are now firmly established, but there are still significant uncertainties: for example, while the majority view is that the frequent vertical strokes (File:Sidetic 14 z.png or File:Sidetic 14 z-variant.png) are a character denoting a sibilant (z or s), that as a genitival ending would fit in nicely with the usual paradigms of the Anatolian languages, others interpret the strokes as word dividers.

Grammar

The inscriptions show that Sidetic was already strongly influenced by Greek at the time when they were written. Like Lycian and Carian, it was part of the Luwian language family. However, only a few words can be derived from Luwian roots, like maśara 'for the gods' (Luwian masan(i)-, 'god', 'divinity'), and, possibly, malwadas 'votive offering' (Luwian malwa-; but alternative readings are possible, for example, Malya das, 'he dedicated to Malya [= Athena]'). It has been argued that there were also Anatolian pronouns (ev, 'this'; ab, 'he/she/it'), conjunctions (ak and za, 'and'), prepositions (de, 'for'), and adverbs (osod, 'there').

The declension of nouns basically follows a familiar Anatolian language pattern:

	Singular		Plural
	animate	inanimate	animate	inanimate
Nominative	-Ø		-s (-z/ś)
Accusative	-o (?)
Genitive	-s (-z/ś)		-e
Dative / Locative	-i, -a (-o?)		-a
Ablative	-d (?)

No verbs have yet been securely identified. A promising candidate is ozad, 'he offered', dedicated' (twice attested with object anathemataz, 'sacrifices'), a 3rd person singular preterite with the common Anatolian ending -d.

Like the neighbouring Pamphylian language, aphaeresis is frequent in names in Sidetic (e.g. Poloniw for Apollonios, Thandor for Athenodoros), as is syncope (e.g. Artmon for Artemon).

See also

• Pisidian language

Further reading

• Zinko, Christian, and Zinko, Michaela. "Sidetisch – Ein Update zu Schrift und Sprache". In: Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years. Editors: Ronald I. Kim, Jana Mynářová, and Peter Pavúk. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 416–432. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413122_023 (In German)

External links

• Indo-European Database