Pamphylian Greek

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".

Pamphylian was a little-attested dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Its origins and relation to other Greek dialects are uncertain, though a number of scholars have proposed isoglosses with Arcadocypriot. It is the sole classical era dialect which did not use articles, suggesting that it split off from other dialects early. Some of its distinctive characteristics reflect potential language contact with Anatolian languages spoken nearby.

Text corpus

File:Map Pamphylian inscriptions.png
Map showing where inscriptions in the Pamphylian script and dialect have been found.

Pamphylian is known from about 300 inscriptions,[1] most of them from the Pamphylian city of Aspendos. Nearly all of them are short and funeral and consist of names only. Pamphylian graffiti giving single names have also been found abroad, in Egypt (Abydos) and Delos. The longest inscription is a 36 line decree from Aspendos, first analyzed in detail in 1880 by William M. Ramsay.[2] Inscriptions are dated from the fifth century BCE to the Roman period, most of them being from the second century BCE.

Coins issued by Pamphylian cities also bear the script. Some 30 Pamphylian single words are known from glosses given by Hesychius, Eustathius, and the Etymologicum Magnum.

Pronunciation and writing

File:Greek Sigma 01.svg
Pamphylian digamma

Pamphylia had a variant local alphabet, which was probably borrowed from other Greek alphabets. According to Selvi & Santamaria (2023) the Pamphylian alphabet stems from the 'dark blue' alphabets of North Eastern Peloponnese.[3]

Sign Α Β File:Pamphylian G.png Δ Ε F File:Pamphylian Z.png Η Θ Ι ΙΙ Κ Λ Μ File:Pamphylian N.png File:Pamphylian KS.png Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ + Ω File:Greek Sigma 01.svg File:Greek Sampi Pamphylian.svg
Greek equivalent Α Β Γ Δ Ε, Η (Ϝ) Ζ ῾ (Η) Θ Ι Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο, Ω Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ω Ͷ Ͳ
Transliteration α β γ δ ε, ε̄ ϝ ζ h (η) θ ι ιι κ λ μ ν ξ ο, ō π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ω и ͳ
IPA sound a b g d e, ɛ: v sd? h
(ɛ:)		 tʰ i, j i:ʲ k l m n ks o, ɔ: p r s t y pʰ kʰ ɔ: w ss?

The Pamphylian alphabet made use both of the original Pamphylian digamma (Ͷ) and a standard digamma (Ϝ). It has been surmised that the original sound Template:IPAslink in some environments (after vowels) was represented by Ͷ; where the sound had changed to labiodental Template:IPAslink in the Pamphylian dialect, it was represented by Ϝ. Sometimes Ͷ also stood in the place of beta. It was found by Selvi & Santamaria (2023) that the Pamphylian alphabet originated from a process of selection, adaptation, and refunctionalization of a Northeast Peloponnesian model. This region, closely linked to Pamphylia by mythological and historical ties, used dark blue alphabets from Corinth to Argos, influenced by other Peloponnesian centers like Sparta. The use of <Ͷ> declined in the 4th century but persisted until the end of the Hellenistic period for sociocultural reasons. The Northeast Peloponnesian corpus doctrinae, encompassing the alphabets of the region, already had features of the Pamphylian alphabet. <Ϝ> represented the posterior approximant, and <Ͷ> was linked to the letter for /b/ in Corinth, possibly also representing /w/. When this system reached Anatolia, it became the Pamphylian alphabet through interaction with Anatolian alphabets and the phonetic changes in the Pamphylian dialect. This resulted in the variable use of <Ͷ>, <Ϝ>, and <B> during both Classical and Hellenistic periods, leading to their overlapping phonetic values.[4]

File:Greek Sampi Pamphylian.svg
Pamphylian sampi

There is also a psi-like sampi (Ͳ), used probably to represent the sounds Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., or Script error: No such module "IPA".. [5]

A conspicuous element in Pamphylian texts are double iotas, where the first iota denotes an /i/-sound and the second a glide /j/.

The Η sign usually represents a /h/-sound (rough breathing); only rarely, in a few late inscriptions, it is apparently used to represent the classical Greek eta vowel (/ɛ:/ or /i:/).

Eustathius, quoting Heraclides, says that the Pamphylians "liked the /b/-sound so much that they often put b's in"; for example, instead of aëlios ('Sun'), they said babelios. And the Etymologicum Magnum says that they tended to swallow /s/-sounds and pronounce them as a 'hairy' (δασύς) sound, i.e., a rough breathing: instead of mousika they said mōˁika.[6] (One may compare a similar phenomenon in the Anatolian languages, where, for example, Milyan masa, 'god', is an older counterpart of Lycian maha.)

An inscription from Perge dated to around 400 BC reads: Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'Klemutas the wasirvotas, son of Lvaramus, dedicated this to the Queen of Perge').[7]

In eastern Pamphylia, the Pamphylian cities Side and Lyrbe-Seleukia used another language and script, called Sidetic.

Relation with the Anatolian languages

Pamphylic Greek appears to have been heavily influenced by nearby Anatolian languages such as Lycian, Pisidian, and Sidetic, in both phonology and syntax. In morphology and lexicon, Anatolian influence apparently was much more limited.[8]

The phonological influence of Anatolian on Pamphylic has been characterized as "massive structural interference", affecting both the consonant and vowel repertoire.[9] Aspirates gave way to fricatives, as did stop consonants.

In syntax three specific peculiarities stand out: absence of the article "the", use of the dative with pre- and postpositions where other Greeks would use a genitive, and the use of a special expression και νι + imperative.

All of these features can be explained as an adaption of the Greek language by imperfect second-language speakers: if a small group of colonizing Greek immigrants remained a minority in an area inhabited by Anatolian speaking people, the heavily accented Greek spoken as a second language by the local population, coloured by their native Anatolian language, would become the norm in the area. Because Pamphylia was an isolated region ("a backwater, relatively inaccessible"), there were few external stimuli to later change this situation.[10]

Glossary

The following lexicon was extracted from the work A Greek–English Lexicon:[11]

  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'solar' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – Adonis (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'sacrificial victims' (Attic: 'the driven ones')
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'priest' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Cf. Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., dative of Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'to (for) the man')
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Aêdôn or Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'Athena'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'eagle' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'mentha' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'locust' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". dative, plural (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'to/for the people')[12]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'sun' (Cretan and Doric: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; Laconian: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; Aeolic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; Ionic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; Attic: helios)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".[13] – 'oxen, cattle'? (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'willing' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".) (Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'they wanted to' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)[14]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'vineyard' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'Aspendios' or 'Aspendian'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'years' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Homeric: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Locrian, Elean, and Arcadocypriot: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'distress' (genitive of Script error: No such module "Lang".).[15]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'weasel, skunk, cat or member of Felidae' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – imp. 'they should go' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)[16]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'thunnus' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".?)[17]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'bird or rooster' (Modern Greek: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'temple (anatomy)' (Attic Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'Daphne' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'turnip' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'in' or 'one' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".)[18]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".[19] – 'rush forward' (Homeric: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'five' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".; Modern Greek: Script error: No such module "Lang"., informal Script error: No such module "Lang".)[20]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'he gave' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Aeolic: Script error: No such module "Lang". for Attic Script error: No such module "Lang".)[21]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'field or farm'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'small fish, picarel, or maenidae' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'partridge' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".[17]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'clothing' (Attic: himation, Script error: No such module "Lang".; Koine: Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'garment of drill or ticking')
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'army' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'reunion' or 'gathering')
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'lady-goddess' (Homeric: Script error: No such module "Lang". see wanax; Script error: No such module "Lang". 'dedicated it to her')[22]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'house' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Cretan and Locrian: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".)[23]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".[24]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".[19] – 'light' (Homeric: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'Medean road')
  • Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".[25][26] – 'twenty' (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Laconian: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Aeolian, Doric: Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Onomasticon

The following onomastic lexicon was based on Claude Brixhe's Dialecte grec de Pamphylie:

  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".) Script error: No such module "Lang". also in Cypriot names
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Cf. Cypriot: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". from Homeric Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'good', 'brave')
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – wanax + anêr
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – 'little girl' (Arcadocypriot: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". 'Aspendian'
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".; Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Lydian: Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'inhabitant of the Lydian capital Script error: No such module "Lang"., Sardes')
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Attic: Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".

See also

Script error: No such module "Side box".

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Based on Claude Brixhe (1976), Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie, documents et grammaire (Bibliothèque de l'Institut français d'études anatoliennes d'Istambul, XXVI, 19). Paris, Lib. d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve; with supplements.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". (Archive.org)
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Nick Nicholas: Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS Script error: No such module "webarchive".. Technical report, Unicode Consortium, 2005. Citing C. Brixhe, Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie. Documents et grammaire. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1976; and L.H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
  6. ↑ Ramsay and Sayce (1880), p. 259.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. Other editions read "Kleͷutas" and "Lwaraͷu".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Skelton (2017), p. 111.
  10. ↑ Skelton (2017), pp. 117-127.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.7
  13. ↑ Pamph. — Sillyon 400-350 BC Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.24. Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  14. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.14, 3.8.
  15. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.2.
  16. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.19.
  17. ↑ a b Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.12.
  18. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.
  19. ↑ a b Eustahius Od.1654; Richard Valpy and Charles Anthon. The Elements of Greek Grammar (12th Edition). New York: W.E. Dean, Printer and Publisher, 1831, p. 297.
  20. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.5.
  21. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 17.
  22. ↑ Pamph. — Perge ~400 BC Epigr.Anat. 11:97,1 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  23. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.14,17.
  24. ↑ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.15, Cf. rhum-.
  25. ↑ Pamph. — Aspendos 250-200 BC Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 17 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

  • Brixhe, Claude. Le Dialecte Grec de Pamphylie. Paris/Istanbul, 1976.
  • Panayotou, A. "Pamphylian" (Maria Chritē and Maria Arapopoulou. A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, 2007 Template:ISBN, pp. 427–432). Article in Greek: Παμφυλιακή.
  • Selvi, Eleonora and Santamaria, Andrea. "Shaping the Pamphylian alphabet: the puzzle of the two digammas" Kadmos, vol. 62, no. 1-2, 2023, pp. 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1515/kadmos-2023-0005
  • Hesychius of Alexandria

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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