Shaqshaqiya sermon

The Shaqshiqiyya Sermon (Template:Langx) is a controversial text in , the best-known collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth Rashidun caliph (Template:Reign), the first Shia imam, and the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The sermon is highly critical of the predecessors of Ali, namely, Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman,Template:Sfn accusing them of usurping the right of Ali to the caliphate.Template:Sfn

The sermon also appears in some sources that predate ,Template:Sfn and a number of Shia authorities have furnished it with multiple chains of transmission,Template:Sfn while other Shia scholars accept its authenticity without labeling it as , which is the highest level of credibility in the hadith terminology.Template:Sfn

Background

Saqifa

Immediately after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, a group of the Ansar (Medinan Muslims) met at the Saqifa and elected as his successor Abu Bakr, who was a senior companion of the prophet and his father-in-law.Template:Sfn The accession of Abu Bakr was met with little resistance in Medina,Template:Sfn even though the majority of the Muhajirun (Meccan Muslims) were not present at the Saqifa.Template:Sfn

Opposition to the Saqifa

Also absent from the Saqifa were Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn They and some companions of Muhammad gathered in protest in the residence of his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn whom they considered as the rightful successor of Muhammad.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This soon led to a violent confrontation with Abu Bakr.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to the Shia, later also followed a violent raid on Ali's house in which his pregnant wife Fatima was badly injured and subsequently miscarried.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Most likely, Ali did not pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr until Fatima died within six months of her father Muhammad.Template:Sfn

Political views of Ali

In contrast with the lifetime of Muhammad,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Ali did not play any significant public role during the caliphates of Abu Bakr (Template:Reign) and his successors, namely, Umar (Template:Reign), and Uthman (Template:Reign),Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn That there were disagreements between Ali and the first two caliphs in this period is well-documented,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn though they are largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn By contrast, these conflicts are often emphasized in Shia sources.Template:Sfn Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the council convened by Umar to elect his successor in 644, where Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In Shia sources, Ali views the succession of Abu Bakr as a digression which paved the way for a full-blown deviation with the rebellion of Mu'awiya during his own caliphate.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn By contrast, he mounts only a passing resistance to the caliphate of Abu Bakr (if any at all) in often apologetic Sunni reports.Template:Sfn Ali was also highly critical of the conduct of Uthman,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn and he was joined in this criticism by most senior companions.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The controversial policies of Uthman eventually led to a rebellion and his assassination in 656,Template:Sfn after which Ali was elected caliph by the Medinans and the dissidents present there.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Legitimism

Some experts report that Ali shows no inclination to legitimism in Sunni sources,Template:Sfn while others point to Shia and some Sunni evidence that Ali considered the caliphate to be his right after Muhammad by virtue of his merits and his kinship with the prophet.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn There is some evidence that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn probably a reference to Muhammad's announcement at the Ghadir Khumm.Template:Sfn Soon after his death, however, it became clear that Ali did not enjoy popular support, which is perhaps why he resigned himself to the caliphate of Abu Bakr, likely for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Authenticity

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Folio from an old

In view of its sometimes sensitive content, the authenticity of has long been a subject of polemic debates, though recent academic research suggests that most of its contents can indeed be attributed to Ali by tracking the texts in sources that predate its compiler Sharif al-Radi (Template:Died in).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn As for the Shaqshaqiya sermon, Sunni sources reject it as the work of al-Radi, himself a prominent Shia scholar.Template:Sfn Their verdict is in line with the Sunni tendency to neutralize the conflicts among the companions after the death of Muhammad.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn By contrast, among other Shia scholars,Template:Sfn the traditionist Abdul Hosein Amini (Template:Died in) provided several chains of transmission for this sermon, some of which predate al-Radi.Template:Sfn Other Shia authorities accept the authenticity of the Shaqshaqiya sermon but do not claim , which is the highest level of credibility in hadith terminology. Among this last group is the Shia philosopher al-Bahrani (Template:Died in), who also authored a commentary on .Template:Sfn This lack of leaves the possibility that some sensitive words in the sermon were not uttered by Ali, according to the Islamic author Reza Shah-Kazemi.Template:Sfn Alternatively, the Islamicist Husain M. Jafri (Template:Died in) suggests that the sermon is authentic for it was also quoted in works that predate ,Template:Sfn including by the Shia traditionist Template:Ill (Template:Died in), by the Shia historian Template:Ill (Template:Died in), and by the Mu'tazilite theologian Abu al-Qasim al-Balkhi (Template:Died in).Template:Sfn

Content

Nay, by God, the son of Abi Quhafa [Abu Bakr] had exacted the caliphate for himself while he knew full well that my position in it was like that of the pivot in a mill; the flood waters flow down beneath me and the birds do not soar high up to me; yet I hung up a curtain before it and turned aside from it [the caliphate]. I then started thinking whether I should attack with a severing hand or should watch patiently the blind darkness in which the old man becomes decrepit and the young man old, in which the believer tries his utmost till he meets his Lord, and I came to the conclusion that patience in a situation like this was wiser.So I adopted patience, although there was a mote rankling in my eye and a bone sticking in my throat on seeing my heritage being plundered, till the first one [Abu Bakr] died and handed over the reins of the caliphate to another person [Umar] after him. [Here Ali quotes a verse from the poet A'sha, which reads] "How vast is the difference between this day of mine when I am on the back of the camel [i.e. suffering from the hardship of a rough journey] and the day of Hayyan, brother of Jabir [ie. when he was comfortably placed under the power and prestige of Hayyan]." How hard did they [Abi Bakr and Umar] squeeze its udders and how they made it [the caliphate] travel on a rugged path, which inflicts deep wounds and is rough to the touch, in which one stumbles frequently and has to offer excuses, so that its rider is like the rider of a difficult mount: if he draws its reins tight, its nose is pierced, and if he relaxes it, he plunges into destruction. And so the people were afflicted, by God, with stumbling, refractoriness, capriciousness, and cross-purposes. But I kept patience in spite of the length of time and the severity of the ordeal, until he [Umar] went his way.Template:Sfn

— Template:Comma separated entries

References

• Template:Cite thesis
• Template:Cite thesis

External links

• Shaqshaqiya sermon in English