Shantou

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Shantou, alternately romanized as Swatow[1][2] and sometimes known as Santow,[3] is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong, China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 2020 census (5,391,028 in 2010) and an administrative area of Script error: No such module "convert".. However, its built-up (or metro) area is much bigger with 12,543,024 inhabitants including Rongcheng and Jiedong districts, Jiexi county and Puning city in Jieyang plus all of Chaozhou city largely conurbated. This is de facto the 5th built-up area in mainland China between Hangzhou-Shaoxing (13,035,026 inhabitants), Xi'an-Xianyang (12,283,922 inhabitants) and Tianjin (11,165,706 inhabitants).

Shantou, a city significant in 19th-century Chinese history as one of the treaty ports established for Western trade and contact, was one of the original special economic zones of China established in the 1980s, but did not blossom in the manner that cities such as Shenzhen, Xiamen and Zhuhai did. However, it remains eastern Guangdong's economic centre, and is home to Shantou University, which is under the provincial Project 211 program in Guangdong.

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History

Shantou was a fishing village part of Tuojiang Du (Template:Lang-zh), Jieyang County during the Song dynasty. It came to be known as Xialing (Template:Lang-zh) during the Yuan dynasty. In 1563, Shantou became a part of Chenghai County in Chao Prefecture (Chaozhou). As early as 1574, Shantou had been called Shashanping (Template:Lang-zh). In the seventeenth century, a cannon platform called Shashantou Cannon (Template:Lang-zh) was made here, and the place name later was shortened to "Shantou". Locally it has been referred to as Kialat.

Connecting to Shantou across the Queshi Bridge is Queshi (Template:Lang-zh) which had been known by the local people through the 19th century as Kakchio. It was the main site for the American and British consulates. Today the area is a scenic park but some of the structures from its earlier history are somewhat preserved. In 1860, Shantou was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to Treaty of Tientsin.[4]

It became a city in 1919, and was separated from Chenghai in 1921. 1922 saw the devastating Swatow Typhoon, which killed 5,000 out of the 65,000 people then inhabiting the city.[5] Some nearby villages were totally destroyed.[6] Several ships near the coast were totally wrecked.[7] Other ones were blown as far as two miles inland.[6] The area around the city had around another 50,000 casualties.[7] The total death toll was above 60,000,[8] and may have been higher than 100,000.[7]

In the 1930s, as a transport hub and merchandise distribution centre in Southeast China, Shantou Port's cargo throughput ranked third in the country. A brief account of a visit to the city in English during this period is the English accountant Max Relton's A Man in the East: A Journey through French Indo-China (Michael Joseph Ltd., London, 1939). On 21 June 1939, Japanese troops invaded Shantou.[9] Japanese forces occupied Shantou until 15 August 1945.[10] The Communist People's Liberation Army captured Shantou on 24 October 1949, 23 days after the People's Republic of China was founded.[11]

With higher-level administrative authority, Shantou governed Chaozhou City and Jieyang City from 1983 to 1989.[12]

Geography

Shantou is located in eastern Guangdong with latitude spanning 23°02′33″ – 23°38′50″ N and longitude 116°14′40″ – 117°19′35″ E; the Tropic of Cancer passes through the northern part of the city, and along it there is a monument, in fact the easternmost in mainland China, at Script error: No such module "Coordinates"..[13] The highest peak in the city's administration is Mount Dajian (Script error: No such module "Lang".) on Nan'ao Island, at Script error: No such module "convert".; the highest peak on the geographic mainland is Mount Lianhua (Script error: No such module "Lang".), at Script error: No such module "convert". in Chenghai District. The city is located at the mouths of the Han, Rong (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Lian Rivers.

Shantou is Script error: No such module "convert". northeast of Hong Kong.[14]

Climate

Shantou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild to warm winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast, while summer brings the heaviest rains of the year though is much sunnier; there are 8.2 days annually with Script error: No such module "convert". of rainfall. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from Script error: No such module "convert". in January to Script error: No such module "convert". in July, and the annual mean is Script error: No such module "convert".. The annual rainfall is around Script error: No such module "convert"., about 60% of which occurs from May to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in March to 58% in July and October, the city receives 1,979 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from Script error: No such module "convert". (unofficial record of Script error: No such module "convert". was set on 18 January 1893) to Script error: No such module "convert"..[15]

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Administration

Shantou is a prefecture-level city. It has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county.

Administrative divisions of Shantou
Division code[16] English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km2[17] Population 2010[18] Seat Postal code Divisions[19]
Subdistricts Towns Residential communities Administrative villages
440500 Shantou City <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/>Script error: No such module "Lang". Shàntóu Shì 2248.39 5,389,328 Jinping District 515000 37 32 517 548
440507 Longhu District Script error: No such module "Lang". Lónghú Qū 119.42 536,356 Jinxia Subdistrict 515000 5 2 80 32
440511 Jinping District Script error: No such module "Lang". Jīnpíng Qū 146.15 810,284 Shipaotai Subdistrict 515000 17 169
440512 Haojiang District Script error: No such module "Lang". Háojiāng Qū 179.89 267,463 Dahao Subdistrict 515000 7 60
440513 Chaoyang District Script error: No such module "Lang". Cháoyáng Qū 664.91 1,626,357 Wenguang Subdistrict 515100 4 9 93 179
440514 Chaonan District Script error: No such module "Lang". Cháonán Qū 596.42 1,288,165 Xiashan Subdistrict 515100 1 10 65 167
440515 Chenghai District Script error: No such module "Lang". Chénghǎi Qū 429.43 800,399 Chenghua Subdistrict 515800 3 8 45 137
440523 Nan'ao County Script error: No such module "Lang". Nán'ào Xiàn 112.17 60,304 Houzhai Town 515900 3 5 33

As of 2003, the district of Haojiang was established out of Hepu and Dahao which had been merged, and the district of Jinping Shengping and Jinyuan; Waisha and Xinxi Town, part of former Chenghai City, was merged into Longhu District; Chenghai City became Chenghai District; Chaoyang City was divided and became Chaoyang and Chaonan District respectively.

Economy

File:Shantou harbour and skyline viewed from Double Island June 2022.jpg
Shantou harbor and skyline as viewed from Double Island, June 2022

Shantou's economy is medium by Guangdong standards. Manufacturing accounts for a large and increasing share of employment. Canning, garments, lithography, plastic, and toys are some of the principal products. Toy manufacturing is the city's leading export industry, with 400 million U.S. dollars' worth of exports each year. Canaton Calculator Co. is a multinational electronic devices manufacturing company.

Guiyu, a populous town in Chaoyang District, is the biggest electronic waste site on earth.[20] Health-environmental issues incurred have concerned international organizations such as Greenpeace.

In 2000, the biggest tax fraud in the history of the People's Republic of China was uncovered, estimated worthy of 32.3 billion yuan. In 2017, the analyzed data of Shantou GDP is approximately 230 billion yuan(US$35.4 billion).

Development zone

With an area of Script error: No such module "convert"., Shantou Free Trade Zone lies at the south part of Shantou city. It was ratified by the State Council of the People's Republic of China and founded in January 1993, and it formally came into use on December of the same year after its supervision installations were checked and accepted by the General Administration of Customs. It has been comprehensively developing export processing, storage, international trade, finance and information industry. Its goal is to establish a modernized international zone that is open to overseas by drawing experience from international free trade zones.[21]

Demographics

File:Guoping Road, Shantou.jpg
Guoping Road in downtown Shantou, December 2018

Shantou is one of the most densely populated regions in China. Former Chaoyang City was China's most populous county-level administrative region, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Shantou has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county, and the six urban districts of Shantou have a population of 5,330,764.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Metro area

With it and the surrounding cities of Jieyang and Chaozhou, the administrative metropolitan area known as Chaoshan covers an area of Script error: No such module "convert"., and had a permanent population of 13,648,232 as of the 2020 census. Nevertheless, its built-up area spread on 11 districts, Puning city and Raoping county was home to 12,543,024 inhabitants as of 2020 census.[22] This is de facto the fifth built-up area of China after Guangzhou-Shenzhen Pearl River Delta megacity, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou conurbation, Beijing and Hangzhou-Shaoxing agglomeration.

Languages

Most residents are linguistically Chaoshan Min. Chaoshan dialect is a variant of Min Nan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) spoken in the neighbouring Southern Fujian and Taiwan. There are also Hakka, popularly known as Half-Hakka (Script error: No such module "Lang".), living mainly in Chaoyang District and Chaonan District, although they speak Chaoshan on a daily basis and practise Chaoshan culture. The Mandarin-medium education system, widely promoted throughout China, has made most people, especially younger generations, speak Mandarin fluently. Cantonese language TV and labor migrations to the Pearl River Delta has also made Cantonese widely spoken as a third language by the younger generations.

Governmental statistics show that 2.16 million overseas Chinese have roots in Shantou, with significant populations of Teochew people residing in Thailand and Cambodia, which constitute a majority of Thai Chinese and a majority of Chinese Cambodians. This is demonstrated by the unusually high number of international direct flights between Bangkok and Shantou. In addition, there are at least two Teochew-speaking air hostesses on board each China Southern flight between Shantou and Bangkok.[23] The Teochew presence, furthermore, is evident in Singapore and Malaysia; Johor Bahru, a coastal city situated at the latter's southernmost tip, is known as 'Little Swatow', due to the majority local Chinese populace is dominantly Teochew and as well as the second largest group of the local Chinese population in Singapore.

Culture and lifestyle

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Shantou people share the same culture with other Teochew. The tea-drinking tradition widely practised in town is a classic instance. According to China Daily, Shantou people "drink more tea than anyone else in China, in total 700 million yuan (US$87.5 million) each year".[24]

Religions

File:Shantou Joseph Church.jpg
St. Joseph's Cathedral of Shantou

Most of the population in Shantou is non-religious or practices traditional folk religions, Buddhism, Taoism, or worship of Chinese deities and ancestors. About 2% of the population belongs to an organised religion, with 40,000 Protestants, 20,000 Catholics and 500 Muslims.[25] St. Joseph's Cathedral of Shantou is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shantou.

Infrastructure

Health

The public hospitals in the Shantou metropolitan area are operated by the Government of Shantou. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities are coordinated by Shantou Board of Health.

Utilities

Shantou's electricity is provided entirely by China Southern Power Grid, postal service operated by China Post.

Telecommunications

Shantou is one of the most important international telecommunications ports in China. Four international submarine communications cables land at Shantou submarine cable landing station, including APCN 2, China-US Cable Network, SMW3 and South-East Asia Japan Cable System (SJC).[26]

China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile provide fixed lines, broadband internet access and mobile telecommunications services there.

Transport

File:Queshi Bridge - panoramio.jpg
Shantou Queshi Bridge during sunset

Urban transport

Public transportation is provided by bus, ferry, bike sharing system and taxi. Residents also travel by private car and motorbikes. There are two bridges throughout the city that cross the Shantou Harbor: the Queshi Bridge and Shantou Bay Bridge. A metro system is planned with construction of three lines (Lines 1, 2, and 3) commencing in 2018 and opening of the system planned in 2020.

File:Shantou East Coast CBD.jpg
The new CBD of Shantou on the east coast, facing the Taiwan strait, as viewed from Dahao Island.

Air

Shantou previously had its own civil airport, Shantou Waisha Airport. It was formerly the main airport serving the Shantou until nearby Jieyang Chaoshan Airport was opened on 15 December 2011. Shantou Waisha Airport became a military airbase since then and all civilian flights were transferred to the newly built airport in Jieyang.[27] Taxi is the usual way to travel between the airport and the city proper. The taxi fare is around 60 RMB. Airport-Downtown Shantou shuttle charter is also suggested. Based in Shantou, Shantou Airlines Co. operated by China Southern Airlines has a 15 aircraft fleet in service.

Railways

File:Shantou Station 2019 06.jpg
Shantou Railway Station, 2019
File:D7142 departs from Shantou Railway Station.jpg
A high-speed train leaving Shantou for Guangzhou, 2022

There are three railway stations which serve Shantou: Chaoshan Railway Station and Chaoyang railway station which lie on the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway line, and Shantou Railway Station which lies on the Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou Railway and is under construction for the Guangzhou-Shanwei-Shantou 350 km/h high speed railway.

Tourism attractions

  • Shantou Times Square light show (19:00-21:00 on Friday and weekend)
  • Shipaotai Park (Template:Lang-zh)
  • Chen Cihong's Former Residence (Template:Lang-zh)
  • Nan'ao Island, rated as Guangdong's most beautiful island by China's National Geographic magazine
  • Palace-Temple of Old Mother (Template:Lang-zh): dedicated to Mazu, Goddess of Sea
  • Temple of Emperor Guan (Template:Lang-zh): dedicated to Lord Guan
  • Tropic of Cancer Symbol Tower (Template:Lang-zh): The Tropic of Cancer slips through Centipede Mountain, which is 20 kilometers away from the city properly.
  • Shantou Museum (Template:Lang-zh): An art museum.
  • Shantou Founding Museum (Template:Lang-zh): This history museum is devoted to the establishment of Swatow (Shantou) as a treaty port in the 19th century, not to be confused with Shantou Museum.
  • Old town of Swatow and Dr. Sun Yat-sen memorial pavilion (Template:Lang-zh)
  • Chaoshan Historical and Cultural Exhibition Center 潮汕历史文化博览中心 is a museum includes four major exhibition areas: Chaoshan cultural relics exhibition area, Chaoshan folk customs exhibition area, overseas Chinese cultural exhibition area, and calligraphy and painting art exhibition area.
  • East Coast Avenue (Template:Lang-zh) The new urban area of Shantou, a long seaside promenade
  • Golden Coast (中海黄金海岸; Zhong hai huang jin hai an)

The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum (Template:Lang-zh) was the country's only museum dedicated to the Cultural Revolution. It closed in 2016.

Media

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In 1912 Swatow had four newspapers, all in Chinese. They were Han Chao Pao, Ming Chuan (People's Rights), Ta Fung Pao (The Typhoon), and Ta Tung Pao (Eastern Times).[28] In 2018, Shantou Metropolis Daily Post and Shantou Special Economic Zone Evening News both stopped their traditional newspaper business and transform into e-newspaper newspapers. Meanwhile, the Shantou DailyScript error: No such module "Unsubst". (Municipal) keep providing both newspaper service and e-newspaper service for Shantou citizens and other readers.[29]

Education

Education is overseen provincewide by the Guangdong Education Bureau.

Primary and secondary

Shantou has a host of well-known schools:

Colleges and universities

File:Shantou University Entrance Gate.jpg
Entrance gate to Shantou University

Sports

Twin towns – sister cities

Shantou is twinned with:[30]

Friendly cities

Shantou has friendly relations with:[30]

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Notable people

Many notable Chinese come from Shantou or their ancestral home is Shantou.

Entrepreneurs

Entertainment

Other

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ From postal romanization, based on the local Teochew pronunciation
  3. ↑ from the local Cantonese pronunciation
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ McGinniss, Joe. Never Enough: A Shocking True Story of Greed, Jealousy and Murder. Simon & Schuster, 25 December 2012. Template:ISBN, 9781471108389. Google Books PT284.
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ The Seattle Times (2006). E-waste dump of the world Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 9 March 2007
  21. ↑ RightSite.asia | Shantou Free Trade Zone
  22. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ China Daily (2006). For all the tea in China, head to Shantou. Retrieved 26 July 2006
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, p. 187.
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".(Harvard University)

External links

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