Tswana language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Setswana language)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Infobox ethnonym

File:Botswana - Lengas.png
Distribution of Tswana (in yellow) in Botswana
File:South Africa Tswana speakers proportion map.svg
Geographical distribution of Tswana in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Tswana at home. Template:Div col
File:South Africa Tswana speakers density map.svg
Geographical distribution of Setswana in South Africa: density of Setswana home-language speakers. Template:Div col

Tswana, also known by its native name Setswana,Template:Efn is a Bantu language indigenous to Southern Africa and spoken by about 8.2 million people.[1] It is closely related to the Northern Sotho and Southern Sotho languages, as well as the Kgalagadi language and the Lozi language.[2]

Tswana is an official language of South Africa and Zimbabwe. It is a lingua franca in Botswana and parts of South Africa, particularly North West Province. Tswana speaking ethnic groups are found in more than two provinces of South Africa, primarily in the North West, where about four million people speak the language. An urbanised variety is known as Pretoria Sotho, and is the principal unique language of the city of Pretoria. The three South African provinces with the most speakers are Gauteng (circa 11%), Northern Cape, and North West (over 70%). Until 1994, South African Tswana people were notionally citizens of Bophuthatswana, one of the bantustans of the apartheid regime. The Tswana language in the Northwest Province has variations in which it is spoken according to the ethnic groups found in the Tswana culture (Bakgatla, Barolong, Bakwena, Batlhaping, Bahurutshe, Bafokeng, Batlokwa, Bataung, and Batswapong, among others); the written language remains the same. A small number of speakers are also found in Zimbabwe (unknown number) and Namibia (about 10,000 people).[1]

History

The first European to describe the language was the German traveller Hinrich Lichtenstein, who lived among the Tswana people Batlhaping in 1806 although his work was not published until 1930. He mistakenly regarded Tswana as a dialect of the Xhosa, and the name that he used for the language "Beetjuana" may also have covered the Northern and Southern Sotho languages.

The first major work on Tswana was carried out by the British missionary Robert Moffat, who had also lived among the Batlhaping, and published Bechuana Spelling Book and A Bechuana Catechism in 1826. In the following years, he published several other books of the Bible, and in 1857, he was able to publish a complete translation of the Bible.[3]

The first grammar of Tswana was published in 1833 by the missionary James Archbell although it was modelled on a Xhosa grammar. The first grammar of Tswana which regarded it as a separate language from Xhosa (but still not as a separate language from the Northern and Southern Sotho languages) was published by the French missionary, E. Casalis in 1841. He changed his mind later, and in a publication from 1882, he noted that the Northern and Southern Sotho languages were distinct from Tswana.[4]

Solomon Plaatje, a South African intellectual and linguist, was one of the first writers to extensively write in and about the Tswana language.[3]

Phonology

Vowels

The vowel inventory of Tswana can be seen below.[5]

Front Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Near-close Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Open-mid Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Open Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme

Some dialects have two additional vowels, the close-mid vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[6] The circumflex on e and o in general Setswana writing is only encouraged at elementary levels of education and not at upper primary or higher; usually these are written without the circumflex.[7]

Consonants

The consonant inventory of Tswana can be seen below.[8]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". sibilantScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Plosive/
Affricate 		voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Fricative Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Liquid Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Semivowel Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme

The consonant Script error: No such module "IPA". is merely an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"., when the latter is followed by the vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..[9] Two more sounds, v Script error: No such module "IPA". and z Script error: No such module "IPA"., exist only in loanwords.

Tswana also has three click consonants, but these are only used in interjections or ideophones, and tend only to be used by the older generation, and are therefore falling out of use. The three click consonants are the dental click Script error: No such module "IPA"., orthographically Template:Angle bracket; the lateral click Script error: No such module "IPA"., orthographically Template:Angle bracket; and the alveolar click Script error: No such module "IPA"., orthographically Template:Angle bracket.[10]

There are some minor dialectal variations among the consonants between speakers of Tswana. For instance, Script error: No such module "IPA". is realised as either Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". by many speakers; Script error: No such module "IPA". is realised as Script error: No such module "IPA". in most dialects; and Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are realised as Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". in northern dialects.[11]

The consonant Script error: No such module "IPA". can exist at the end of a word without being followed by a vowel (as in Jwaneng and Barolong Seboni).

Stress

Stress is fixed in Tswana and thus always falls on the penult of a word, although some compounds may receive a secondary stress in the first part of the word. The syllable on which the stress falls is lengthened. Thus, mosadi (woman) is realised as Script error: No such module "IPA"..[12]

Tone

Tswana has two tones, high and low, but the latter has a much wider distribution in words than the former. Tones are not marked orthographically, which may lead to ambiguity.[13]

go bua Script error: No such module "IPA". "to speak"
go bua Script error: No such module "IPA". "to skin an animal"
o bua Setswana Script error: No such module "IPA". "He speaks Setswana"
o bua Setswana Script error: No such module "IPA". "You speak Setswana"

An important feature of the tones is the so-called spreading of the high tone. If a syllable bears a high tone, the following two syllables will have high tones unless they are at the end of the word.[14]

simolola Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". "to begin"
simologêla Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". "to begin for/at"

Orthography

Tswana orthography is based on the Latin alphabet.

Letter(s) a b ch d e ê f g h i j k l m n o ô p ph q r s š t th tl tlh tsh u v w x y z

The letter š was introduced in 1937, but the corresponding sound is still sometimes written as ⟨sh⟩. The letters ⟨ê⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ are used in textbooks and language reference books, but not so much in daily standard writing.[15][16]

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns in Tswana are grouped into nine noun classes and one subclass, each having different prefixes. The nine classes and their respective prefixes can be seen below, along with a short note regarding the common characteristics of most nouns within their respective classes.[17]

Class Singular Plural Characteristics
1. mo- ba- Persons
1a. – bô- Names, kinship, animals
2. mo- me-
ma- 		Miscellaneous
(including bodyparts, tools,
instruments, animals, trees, plants)
3. le- ma-
4. se- di-
5. n-
m-
ny-
ng- 		din-
dim-
diny-
ding- 		Animals
(but also miscellaneous)
6. lo- Miscellaneous
(including a number of collective nouns)
7. bo- ma- Abstract nouns
8. go- Infinitive forms of verbs
9. fa-
go-
mo- 		Adverbs

Some nouns may be found in several classes. For instance, many class 1 nouns are also found in class 1a, class 3, class 4, and class 5.[18]

Further reading

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

References

Notes

Template:Noteslist

Citations

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Script error: No such module "Portal". Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage

Template:Languages of Botswana Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Languages of Zimbabwe Template:Languages of Namibia Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e18
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Tswana_language&oldid=3146864"