Senecio
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Senecio is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes groundsels and some ragworts. Variously circumscribed taxonomically, the genus Senecio is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Plants of the World Online currently accepts 1482 species.[1]
Description
Morphology
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The flower heads are often rayed (though the type species Senecio vulgaris does not have ray florets), with the heads borne in branched clusters, and usually completely yellow, but green, purple, white and blue flowers are known as well.
In its current circumscription, the genus contains species that are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, small trees, aquatics or climbers.[2]
Chemistry
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are found in all Senecio species. These alkaloids serve as a natural biocides to deter or even kill animals that would eat them. Livestock generally do not find them palatable.[3] Senecio species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species that have developed tolerance for these alkaloids.
Taxonomy
The traditional circumscription of Senecio is artificial, being polyphyletic, even in its new circumscription which is based on genetic data.[4][5] Despite the separation of many species into other genera, the genus still contains c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". species and is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.[6]
As no morphological synapomorphies are known to determine which species belong to the genus or not, no exact species number is known. The genus has an almost worldwide distribution[4] and evolved in the mid- to late Miocene.[7]
Phylogeny
As of 2007, many genera and the whole tribe were in need of revision. Many species currently placed in the genus need to be transferred to other or new genera, and others have been retransferred to Senecio. In its new delimitation the genus is still not monophyletic.[4]
The following genera are currently accepted by Plants of the World Online, and contain species that are or have been included within Senecio.[4]
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- Aetheolaena Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Antillanthus B.Nord.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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- Dauresia B.Nord. & PelserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dendrophorbium C.JeffreyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dendrosenecio (Hauman ex Hedberg) B.Nord.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Giant groundsels native to high-elevation areas of East Africa
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- Jacobaea Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Leonis B.Nord.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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- Zemisia B.Nord.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
Etymology
The scientific name Senecio derives from the latin 'senex' which means "old man".
Selected species
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- Senecio ampullaceus Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, clasping-leaf groundsel[10]
- Senecio angulatus L.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — creeping groundsel
- Senecio antisanae Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio arborescens
- Senecio barbertonicus KlattScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — succulent bush senecio
- Senecio bigelovii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — nodding groundsel
- Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — flor-das-almas
- Senecio cambrensis RosserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Welsh groundsel, Welsh ragwort
- Senecio candicans Wall. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — angel wings
- Senecio casapaltensis BallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonym Senecio sanmarcosensis H.BeltránScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Senecio crassissimus HumbertScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio decaryi HumbertScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Madagascar senecio
- Senecio elegans L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — purple groundsel
- Senecio falklandicus Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio flaccidus Less.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Douglas senecio, threadleaf groundsel, threadleaf ragwort
- Senecio gallicus Vill. ex ChaixScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — French groundsel
- Senecio glaucus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Jaffa groundsel
- Senecio howeanus BelcherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio inaequidens DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — South African ragwort
- Senecio iscoensis Hieron.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio keniophytum R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio lamarckianus BullockScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — coastal ragwort
- Senecio macroglossus DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Natal ivy, wax ivy
- Senecio madagascariensis Poir.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Madagascar ragwort
- Senecio neowbsteri S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Olympic Mountain groundsel
- Senecio oxyriifolius DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonym Senecio tropaeolifolius) — false nasturtium
- Senecio patagonicus Hook. & Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio pauciradiatus BelcherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio pokohinuensis (de Lange & B.G.Murray) de LangeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Mokohinau groundsel
- Senecio pulcher Hook. & Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — climbing Senecio
- Senecio squalidus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — Oxford ragwort
- Senecio triangularis Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — arrowleaf groundsel
- Senecio vaginatus Hook. & Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — eastern groundsel
- Senecio viscosus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — sticky ragwort
- Senecio vulgaris L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". — common groundsel, old-man-in-the-spring
Formerly in Senecio (partial list)
- Brachyglottis greyi (as S. greyi)
- Jacobaea vulgaris (common ragwort; as S. jacobaea)
- Pericallis × hybrida (as S. cruentus)
- Rugelia nudicaulis — Rugels ragwort
- Telanthophora grandifolia (Less.) H.Rob. & BrettellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as S. grandifolius Less.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Tephroseris papposa (Rchb.) SchurScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as S. papposus)
Distribution
The genus Senecio is distributed almost worldwide.[4] It is one of the few genera occurring in all five regions with a Mediterranean climate. Furthermore, species are found in mountainous regions, including tropical alpine-like areas.
References
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External links
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