Scollard Formation

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox Rockunit The Scollard Formation is an Upper Cretaceous to lower Palaeocene stratigraphic unit of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in southwestern Alberta.[1][2] Its deposition spanned the time interval from latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene, and it includes sediments that were deposited before, during, and after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event. It is significant for its fossil record, and it includes the economically important coal deposits of the Ardley coal zone.

Lithology

The Scollard Formation consists primarily of sandstones and siltstones, interbedded with mudstones and, in the upper portion, coal seams, as well as minor amounts of bentonite.[1] The sediments were eroded from the Canadian Cordillera, and were transported eastward by river systems and deposited in fluvial channel and floodplain environments.

Stratigraphy

The Scollard is usually classified as the uppermost formation of the Edmonton Group, although some early workers included it in the overlying Paskapoo Formation.[3] It is subdivided into an upper, coal-bearing member that consists of the Ardley coal zone, and a lower member that lacks significant coal.[1] Neither member has been formally named.

Age

File:Scollard Formation K-Pg boundary by Nick Longrich.jpg
The K-Pg boundary in the Scollard Formation. The coals are earliest Paleocene in age, lighter shales below are Maastrichtian. The lighter rock at the very base of the dark coals represents the K-Pg boundary.

The K-Pg boundary occurs at the base of the lowermost seam of Ardley coal zone, based on dinosaurian and microfloral evidence,[4] as well as the presence of the terminal Cretaceous iridium anomaly.[5] The upper member is therefore of early Danian age, while the lower member is of latest Maastrichtian age.

Distribution

The Scollard Formation is present in the subsurface throughout much of southwestern Alberta,[6] and it outcrops extensively along the banks of the Red Deer River in the area of Trochu.[7] Both the upper and lower members thin from west to east. Thicknesses for each member range from more than Script error: No such module "convert". near the foothills of the Canadian Rockies to less than Script error: No such module "convert". near the outcrops in south-central Alberta.[1]

Relationship to other units

The Scollard Formation rests disconformably on the Late Cretaceous Battle Formation in the southwestern Alberta plains, on the Wapiti Formation in the northwestern plains, and on the Brazeau Formation in the foothills. It is unconformably overlain by the Paskapoo Formation, and where the Paskapoo has been removed by erosion, the Scollard is exposed at surface or covered by Quaternary sediments.

The Scollard grades into the Willow Creek Formation in the southern Alberta plains and the Coalspur Formation in the Alberta foothills. The Ardley coal zone in the upper portion is equivalent to the lower part of the Coalspur coal zone of the Coalspur Formation,[8] and is correlated with the lower part of the Ravenscrag Formation of southern Saskatchewan, which is also coal bearing.[9] The Late Cretaceous member is equivalent in age to the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan, the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, and the Lance Formation of Wyoming .[1]

Coal deposits

File:Metasequoia occidentalis.jpg
Metasequoia occidentalis, upper Scollard Formation, central Alberta

The coal seams of the Ardley coal zone attain thicknesses in excess of Script error: No such module "convert". in some areas. The zone is present at shallow depths and, in places, exposed at surface, along a trend between Red Deer and Edmonton. The coal is typically of sub-bituminous B to C rank, although more deeply buried Scollard coals farther to the west reach high-volatile bituminous rank. The Ardley coal has been mined in the Red Deer area, and is currently being mined west of Edmonton to fuel mine-mouth electric power generating stations.[10]

Paleontology

The Scollard Formation preserves the remains of vertebrates, especially dinosaurs and, rarely, mammals, as well as a wide range of plant fossils. The Scollard strata span the K-Pg boundary, therefore the lower member of the Scollard provides a record of the last of the dinosaurs, while the upper member records the dawn of the Age of Mammals after the K-Pg extinction event.

Flora

Plant fossils from the upper, early Paleocene member of the Scollard Formation include species of the ferns Botrychium, Woodwardia and Azolla; the conifers Metasequoia and Glyptostrobus; the monocot Limnobiophyllum (a relative of duckweeds), Sabalites geneseensis (similar to Serenoa repens); and the dicots Cercidiphyllum and Platanus. Leaf analysis of the Genesee flora estimated mean annual temperature at Script error: No such module "convert". with a cold month mean temperature of Script error: No such module "convert"..[11][12][13] Graminidites, a Grass palynomorph occurs in the Maastrichtian Scollard Formation. The species, G. ulkapites, occurs at the initiation of a temperate climate in the area.[14]

Vertebrates

Crocodylian Albertosuchus, acanthomorph fish Lindoeichthys and unnamed esocid fish are known.[15][16][17]

Theropods

Ornithomimus remains have been unearthed here.[18] Two caenagnathid taxa, a large-bodied one similar to Caenagnathus and a small-bodied one similar to Leptorhynchos have been found.[19]

Theropods
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Description Images

cf. Dromaeosaurus[20]

Indeterminate[20]

Teeth

A dromaeosaurid

File:Dromaeosaurus Restoration.png
Dromaeosaurus
File:Saurornitholestes digging Burrows wahweap.jpg
Saurornitholestes
File:Troodon (cropped).jpg
Troodon
File:Tyrannosaurus-rex-Profile-steveoc86.png
Tyrannosaurus
Red Deer River, Alberta Canada

cf. Paronychodon[21]

Indeterminate[20]

cf. Richardoestesia[22]

cf. R. gilmorei[23]

cf. R. isosceles[24]

cf. Saurornitholestes[20]

cf. S. langstoni[20]

Troodon[25]

Indeterminate[20]

A Single Tooth

Tyrannosaurus[20]

T. rex[20]

Red Deer River, Alberta Canada Partial Skeleton

Ornithischians

Fossil remains of the nodosaur Edmontonia and the chasmosaur Torosaurus have also been unearthed here and in the nearby areas.[18][26] Template:Paleobiota-key-compact

Ornithischians
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Description Images

Ankylosaurus[20]

A magniventris[20]

Complete skull, both mandibles, ribs, caudal vertebrae, tail club, both humeri, left ischium, left femur, right fibula, and osteoderms. An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid also found in the Lance, Frenchman, Ferris and Hell Creek Formations.
File:Ankylosaurus skull AMNH.jpg
Ankylosaurus
File:Anatotitan BW.jpg
Edmontosaurus
File:Leptoceratops BW.jpg
Leptoceratops
File:Pachycephalosaurus Reconstruction.jpg
Pachycephalosaurus
File:Thescelosaurus filamented.jpg
Thescelosaurus
File:Triceratops by Tom Patker.png
Triceratops

Edmontosaurus[20]

E. annectens[20]

Leptoceratops[20]

L. gracilis[20]

Partial Skull

cf. Pachycephalosaurus[20]

P. wyomingensis[20]

Domed Parietal

Thescelosaurus[20]

T. edmontonensis[20]

Partial Skull

Referred to Thescelosaurus sp.[27]

Triceratops[20]

T. prorsus [20]

Drumheller, Alberta Canada Nearly Complete Skull

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Lerbekmo, J.F., Singh, C., Jarzen, D.M., and Russel, D.A. 1979. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in south-central Alberta - a revision based on dinosaurian and microfloral evidence. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 16: 325-330.
  5. ↑ Lerbekmo, J.F. and St. Louis, R.M. 1985. The terminal Cretaceous iridium anomaly in the Red Deer Valley, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 23: 120-124.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ "Introduction," Ryan and Russel (2001); page 279.
  8. ↑ Langenberg, C.W., Berhane, H., Sweet, A.R., Marchioni, D. and Heamann, L.M. 2007. Regional correlations of the Ardley coal zone, Alberta. Alberta Geological Survey, Earth Sciences Report 2007-5, 21 p.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Chandrasekharam, A., 1974. Megafossil flora from the Genesee locality, Alberta, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, Band 147, 41 p.
  12. ↑ Christophel, D.C., 1976. Fossil floras from the Smoky Tower locality, Alberta, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Band 157, 43 p.
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Yukon Territory, Canada)." In: Weishampel et al. Page 578.
  21. ↑ Listed as "cf. Paronychodon sp." in Weishampel et al. Page 578.
  22. ↑ Referred to by the obsolete spelling "Ricardoestesia" in Weishampel et al. Page 578.
  23. ↑ Listed as "cf. Ricardoestesia gilmorei" in Weishampel et al. Page 578.
  24. ↑ Listed as "cf. Ricardoestesia isosceles" in Weishampel et al. Page 578.
  25. ↑ Listed as "cf. Troodon sp." in Weishampel et al. Page 578.
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Boyd, Clint A.; Brown, Caleb M.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; and Clarke, Julia A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (3): 758–770. doi:10.1671/039.029.0328.

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Bibliography

  • Ryan, M. J., and Russell, A. P., 2001. Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 279–297.
  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. Template:ISBN.

Template:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

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