Sciaroidea
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Sciaroidea is a superfamily in the infraorder Bibionomorpha. There are about 16 families and more than 15,000 described species in Sciaroidea. Most of its constituent families are various gnats (e.g. fungus gnats).
Description
As nematoceran flies, sciaroid adults generally have long segmented antennae, while their larvae have a well-developed head and mouthparts.[1]
Aside from this, sciaroids vary in appearance. For example, Sciaridae adults have each eye extended dorsally to form an "eye bridge", a feature not found in related families.[2] Cecidomyiidae adults have a distinctive reduced wing venation, while their larvae are atypical for nematoceran larvae in having a very small head capsule.[3]
Ecology
Most fungus gnats (Sciaroidea excluding Cecidomyiidae) live in forests with their larvae occurring in fungi, dead wood and soil. There are some which live in wetlands such as fens.[4] Several genera of Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae may reach high abundances in damp buildings with wet organic matter.[5]
Some species of Sciaridae and Cecidomyiidae are among the rare Diptera that spend their entire lives in soil. These are wingless as adults.[6]
Sciaroid larvae typically feed on fungi but there are some which form plant galls (many Cecidomyiidae) or prey on other invertebrates (Keroplatidae).[7]
Phylogeny
A 2016 molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Sciaroidea is a monophyletic group and should include both Cecidomyiidae and Ditomyiidae.[8]
Families
These 15 families belong to the superfamily Sciaroidea:[9]
- Bolitophilidae Meigen, 1818Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Cecidomyiidae Newman, 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – gall midges and wood midges, sometimes excluded from Sciaroidea
- Diadocidiidae Winnertz, 1863Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ditomyiidae Kylin, 1919Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Keroplatidae RondaniScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (incl. Lygistorrhinidae Edwards, 1925Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – long-beaked & predatory fungus gnats
- Mycetophilidae Newman, 1834Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Rangomaramidae Jaschhof and Didham, 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – long-winged fungus gnats[10]
- Sciaridae Billberg, 1820Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – dark-winged fungus gnats
- † Antefungivoridae Rohdendorf, 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- † Archizelmiridae Rohdendorf, 1962Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- † Eoditomyiidae
- † Mesosciophilidae
- † Paraxymyiidae Rohdendorf, 1946Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- † Pleciofungivoridae Rohdendorf, 1946Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- † Protopleciidae Rohdendorf, 1946Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
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