Saprotrophic nutrition

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Mycelial cord of fungi made up of a collection of hyphae; an essential part in the process of saprotrophic nutrition, it is used for the intake of organic matter through its cell wall. The network of hyphae (the mycelium) is fundamental to fungal nutrition.

Saprotrophic nutrition Template:IPAc-enTemplate:Refn or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (e.g. Mucor) and with soil bacteria. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called saprobes. Saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are called saprophytes (sapro- 'rotten material' + -phyte 'plant'), although it is now believed that all plants previously thought to be saprotrophic are in fact parasites of microscopic fungi or of other plants. In fungi, the saprotrophic process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.

Various word roots relating to decayed matter (detritus, sapro-, lyso-), to eating and nutrition (-vore, -phage, -troph), and to plants or life forms (-phyte, -obe) produce various terms, such as detritivore, detritophage, saprotroph, saprophyte, saprophage, and saprobe; their meanings overlap, although technical distinctions (based on physiologic mechanisms) narrow the senses. For example, biologists can make usage distinctions based on macroscopic swallowing of detritus (as in earthworms) versus microscopic lysis of detritus (as with mushrooms).

Process

As matter decomposes within a medium in which a saprotroph is residing, the saprotroph breaks such matter down into its composites.

• Proteins are broken down into their amino acid composites through the breaking of peptide bonds by proteases.
• Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipases.
• Starch is broken down into pieces of simple disaccharides by amylases.
• Cellulose, a major portion of plant cells, and therefore a major constituent of decaying matter is broken down into glucose

These products are re-absorbed into the hypha through the cell wall by endocytosis and passed on throughout the mycelium complex. This facilitates the passage of such materials throughout the organism and allows for growth and, if necessary, repair.

Conditions

In order for a saprotrophic organism to facilitate optimal growth and repair, favourable conditions and nutrients must be present. Optimal conditions refers to several conditions which optimise the growth of saprotrophic organisms, such as;

1. Presence of water: 80–90% of the mass of the fungi is water, and the fungi require excess water for absorption due to the evaporation of internally retained water.
2. Presence of oxygen: Very few saprotrophic organisms can endure anaerobic conditions as evidenced by their growth above media such as water or soil.
3. Neutral-acidic pH: The condition of neutral or mildly acidic conditions under pH 7 are required.
4. Low-medium temperature: The majority of saprotrophic organisms require temperatures between , with optimum growth occurring at .

The majority of nutrients taken in by such organisms must be able to provide carbon, proteins, vitamins and, in some cases, ions. Due to the carbon composition of the majority of organisms, dead and organic matter provide rich sources of disaccharides and polysaccharides such as maltose and starch, and of the monosaccharide glucose.

See also

• Chemoautotrophic nutrition
• Decomposers
• Detritivore
• Holozoic nutrition
• Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
• Parasitic nutrition
• Photoautotrophic nutrition
• Saprotrophic bacteria
• Wood-decay fungus