Saimaa Canal
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The Saimaa Canal (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a transportation canal that connects lake Saimaa with the Gulf of Finland near Vyborg, Russia. The canal was built from 1845 to 1856 and opened on 7 September [O.S. 26 August] 1856. It was overhauled and widened in 1963–1968.
A system of inland waterways and canals in the 120 interconnected lakes of the south-central and south-east part of Finland (Finnish Lakeland) are reached through the canal. The network of deep channels in Lake Saimaa with at least a draught of Script error: No such module "convert". covers Script error: No such module "convert".. The deep channels extend all the way to Kuopio in Central Finland. The canal is closed in the winter.[1]
Topography
The canal begins near Lauritsala, Lappeenranta, Finland, at coordinates (Script error: No such module "Coordinates".) and ends in Vyborg, Russia, at coordinates (Script error: No such module "Coordinates".), connecting Lake Saimaa and the Vyborg Bay. On the way, it connects Lake Nuijamaa, on the Finnish–Russian border at coordinates (Script error: No such module "Coordinates".), and three smaller lakes in Russia.
Dimensions
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- Finnish part: Script error: No such module "convert".
- Russian part: Script error: No such module "convert".
- Width: from Script error: No such module "convert".
- Total lift from the Gulf of Finland to Lake Saimaa: Script error: No such module "convert".
- The "Saimax" specification, in analogy to Panamax, specifies the maximum size and required equipment. The maximum dimensions allowed for a ship transiting the canal are:
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- Other requirements include for example that trading vessels must have two VHF radios and an automatic identification system (AIS).
- 217 boundary pillars between Canal Rented Zone and main territory of Russia.
Locks
There are a total of eight locks on the canal, raising the water level by some Script error: No such module "convert".: the upper three locks in the Finnish part of the canal, and the lower five locks situated on the Russian side of the border:
| No. | Name | Old name | Meters | Feet | Coordinate | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brusnichnoye | Juustila | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Russia | |
| 2 | Iskrovka | Särkijärvi | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Russia | |
| 3 | Tsvetochnoye | Rättijärvi | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Russia | |
| 4 | Ilistoye | Lietjärvi | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Russia | |
| 5 | Pälli | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Russia | ||
| 6 | Soskua | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Finland | ||
| 7 | Mustola | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Finland | ||
| 8 | Mälkiä | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "Coordinates". | Finland |
Mälkiä Lock has the highest lift (Script error: No such module "convert".), Tsvetochnoye Lock has the lowest (Script error: No such module "convert".).
Bridges
The canal crosses
- 12 motor vehicles bridges:
- 6 of them in Finland – 3 movable and 3 immovable
- the other 6 in Russia – 4 movable and 2 immovable
- 2 railroad bridges (one on the each side of the border), both of them are immovable.
History
The canal, inaugurated in 1856, was built between the cities of Lappeenranta and Viipuri (now part of Russia), both of them then in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire.
In the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940, Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and Vyborg to the Soviet Union; control of the canal was divided and traffic ended.
Finland obtained a 50-year lease on the Soviet part of the canal and Maly Vysotsky Island (Ravansaari) in 1963. Finland constructed a deeper Script error: No such module "convert". canal, which opened in 1968. The annual rent during this lease increased only once.
In 2010, Finland obtained a second 50-year lease from Russia, starting in 2013.[3] Maly Vysotsky was not included in the new lease. Negotiations in 2008 had raised the annual rent from Template:€ to Template:€, with revisions every 10 years. The new agreement went into effect on 17 February 2012.
Regulations pertaining to maritime rules and employment of canal staff fall under Finnish jurisdiction; in all other cases Russian laws apply. Passports are required at the international boundaries, but Russian visas are not required for just passing through the canal.
In 2024–2025, the canal remained open to Finnish ships despite Finland abandoning its traditional neutrality and joining NATO.[1] However, many insurance companies have refused to cover ships and cargo moving through the Saimaa Canal, resulting in the transportation artery losing its importance.[4]
References
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