Sahakdukht
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SahakdukhtTemplate:Refn (Template:Langx, Template:Literal translation; Template:Floruit) was an Armenian hymnographer, poet and pedagogue who lived during the early 8th century.Template:Sfn She is the first known woman of Armenian literature and music. Along with her slightly later contemporary Khosrovidukht, she is among the earliest woman composers in history.
Sahakdukht and her brother Template:Ill, who became a noted composer and music theorist, were educated in Dvin. She then spent her life as an ascetic, living in a cave (a grotto) of the Garni valley where she wrote and taught music. Though she is said to have written much Christian music, particularly for the Virgin Mary, only a single Script error: No such module "Lang". (canonical hymn) survives, the acrostic "Script error: No such module "Lang"." ("Saint Mary"). The work shows considerable stylistic connections to contemporaneous Byzantine theotokions and kanons. Though her piece did not join the general Script error: No such module "Lang". liturgy, Sahakdukht's oeuvre as a whole is thought to have exerted considerable influence on subsequent Script error: No such module "Lang".s; they introduced certain phrases into popular use and according to ethnomusicologist Şahan Arzruni they "helped to shape the development of the genre during subsequent centuries".Template:Sfn
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Life
Extremely little is known about the life of Sahakdukht,Template:Sfn also spelled as Sahakdoukht,Template:Sfn or Sahakduxt.Template:Sfn The information available is chiefly from an account of 13th-century historian Stepanos Orbelian.Template:Sfn Active in the early 8th century, her brother was the composer and music theorist Template:Ill,Template:Sfn known for his Script error: No such module "Lang".s (canonical hymns).Template:Sfn Both Sahakdukht and her brother were educated at a cathedral school in the city of Dvin.Template:Sfn She then spent her life as an ascetic, living in a cave (a grotto) of the Garni valley, near present-day Yerevan.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn There she produced ecclesiastical poems as well as liturgical chants.Template:Sfn Sahakdukht is said to have taught music to children and amateur adults from Garni.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Due to the conventions of her time, Sahakdukht gave such instruction while seated behind a curtain.Template:Sfn In 1909, the Armenian poet and writer Sibil used Sahakdukht's role as a teacher to promote education for women,Template:Sfn saying in a speech that:
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1200 years ago the Armenian took great interest in women's education. It may come as a surprise when I say that Stephan Siunetsi's sister, Sahakdukht, established a music school in eighth-century Armenia; today such schools, which are the mark of a civilized nation, do not exist.Template:Sfn
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Works
Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Sahakdukht is recognized as the first known woman composer and poet of Armenia,Template:Sfn followed by her slightly later contemporary Khosrovidukht.Template:Sfn She purportedly wrote many now-lost Christian religious compositions, including Script error: No such module "Lang".s (antiphons and anthems), Script error: No such module "Lang".s and other melodies.Template:Sfn The poetry for such genres included both rhyme and fixed verse.Template:Sfn Sources say that such works were often written for the Virgin Mary, making them roughly equivalent to the contemporaneous Byzantine tradition of theotokions.Template:Sfn
The only composition by Sahakdukht to survive is the Script error: No such module "Lang". "Script error: No such module "Lang"." ("Saint Mary"), an homage to Mary.Template:Sfn It is a nine-stanza acrostic verse, where the first letter of each quatrain spells out 'Sahakdukht'.Template:Sfn This piece is aligned stylistically with Script error: No such module "Lang".s of the 'Script error: No such module "Lang".' (Magnificat) type.Template:Sfn In addition, "Script error: No such module "Lang"."—and presumably much of Sahakdukht's lost oeuvre—is modeled after the Byzantine kanon like the works of her brother.Template:Sfn This may be explained by the fact that Stepanos lived in Constantinople for many years, where Germanus I, an important proponent of early kanons, was active.Template:Sfn See Script error: No such module "Footnotes". for an English translation of "Script error: No such module "Lang".". Some scholars, including Ghevont Alishan, Malachia Ormanian and Grigor Hakobian attribute Khosrovidukht's Script error: No such module "Lang". "Script error: No such module "Lang"." to Sahakdukht instead.Template:Sfn
Like the sole surviving work of Khosrovidukht, Sahakdukht's Script error: No such module "Lang". has not garnered a position in the official collection of Script error: No such module "Lang".s.Template:Sfn It is not found among the apocryphal Script error: No such module "Lang".s either.Template:Sfn Nevertheless, Sahakdukht's Script error: No such module "Lang".s are thought to have had a considerable impact on subsequent generations; ethnomusicologist Şahan Arzruni notes that they "helped to shape the development of the genre during subsequent centuries".Template:Sfn In addition, according to historian Agop Jack Hacikyan, phrases appearing in "Script error: No such module "Lang"." such as "incorruptible temple," "ray of divine light," and "tree of life" have since become standard and popular in Armenian religious poetry and music.Template:Sfn
| "Srbuhi Mariam" ("Սրբուհի՜ Մարիամ")
Սըրբուհի՛ Մարիամ, |
References
Notes
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Citations
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- ↑ From the Armenian WikiSource
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Sources
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Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Template:Grove Music subscription This article is essentially a reprint of Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (English translation: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".)
Template:Armenian literature Template:Medieval women writers Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control
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- 8th-century women composers
- 8th-century composers
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- Armenian women composers
- Year of birth unknown
- Women hymnwriters
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- Armenian women poets
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