SMS Seydlitz

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SMS Template:Efn was a battlecruiser of the German (Imperial Navy), built in Hamburg. She was ordered in 1910 and commissioned in May 1913, the fourth battlecruiser built for the High Seas Fleet. Named after Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, represented the culmination of the first generation of German battlecruisers, which had started with the in 1906 and continued with the pair of s ordered in 1907 and 1908. featured several incremental improvements over the preceding designs, including a redesigned propulsion system and an improved armor layout. The ship was also significantly larger than her predecessors—at , she was approximately 3,000 metric tons heavier than the -class ships.

participated in many of the large fleet actions during World War I, including the battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland in the North Sea. The ship suffered severe damage during both engagements; during the Battle of Dogger Bank, a 13.5 in (34.3 cm) shell from the British battlecruiser struck Template:'s rearmost turret and nearly caused a magazine explosion that could have destroyed the ship. At the Battle of Jutland she was hit twenty-one times by large-caliber shells, one of which penetrated the working chamber of the aft superfiring turret. Although the resulting fire destroyed the turret, the safety measures imposed after the battle of Dogger Bank prevented a catastrophe. The ship was also hit by a torpedo during the battle, causing her to take in over 5,300 metric tons of water and her freeboard was reduced to 2.5 m. She had to be lightened significantly to permit her crossing of the Jade Bar. The ship inflicted severe damage on her British opponents as well; early in the battle, salvos from both and the battlecruiser destroyed the battlecruiser in seconds.

saw limited action in the Baltic Sea, when she provided screening for the German flotilla that at Battle of the Gulf of Riga attempted to clear the gulf in 1915. As with the rest of the German battlecruisers that survived the war, the ship was interned in Scapa Flow in 1918. The ship, along with the rest of the High Seas Fleet, was scuttled in June 1919, to prevent her seizure by the British Royal Navy. She was raised on 2 November 1928 and scrapped by 1930 in Rosyth.

Development

File:SMS Moltke Hampton Roads 1912 FINAL.jpg

, which provided the basis of the design for

In early 1909, discussions began among the leadership of the German (Imperial Navy) over the next battlecruiser to be built, which would follow the two s that were then still under construction. By that time, clear design philosophies had emerged in the two navies that were building battlecruisers: the British Royal Navy preferred heavily armed, but lightly armored, ships, while the Germans favored heavily armored, but somewhat more lightly armed vessels. (Corvette Captain) Waldemar Vollerthun, then the head of the navy's General Department, wrote a memorandum in March 1909 that succinctly explained the difference as "the 'English Battleship-Cruisers' stand against our 'Cruiser-Battleships'." Vollerthun argued in the memorandum that the two -class ships would need to complete their sea trials before design work on the next ship—provisionally titled "J"Template:Efn—could begin. Furthermore, he stated that developments in dreadnought battleship design indicated that the caliber of the main battery should be increased from Template:Cvt (though he conceded that the former gun was still sufficient against foreign capital ships). He also recommended lowering the armor deck to save weight.

The navy's Construction Department issued its own memo on the same day as Vollerthun's document. They disagreed with lowering the armor deck, but suggested the adoption of triple gun turrets for the main battery (instead of the twin turrets used in previous vessels). The Weapons Department rejected the latter proposal. An initial conference was held on 4 April to discuss parameters for the new ship. The Budget Section informed the participants that no increase in cost could be permitted over . The project saw no further work until 13 August, when the Construction Department reminded the other departments that deadlines were approaching if the navy wanted work to begin in 1910. On 28 August, the departments were informed that an additional 750,000 marks would be made available by a public fundraising effort; this money could be used to make improvements over the design. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the head of the (Imperial Navy Office) requested a preliminary design be made available by 27 September, so he could present it to Kaiser Wilhelm II for consideration. Tirpitz's criteria were as follows: armament would remain the same as (ten 28 cm guns); displacement and length should only moderately increase from the earlier ship.

The naval engineer Hans Bürkner submitted a pair of proposals on 23 September. The first, "I", was an improvement over , but with increased armor protection and a slightly longer hull to offset the greater displacement of about and maintain the same maximum speed. The second, "II", had the same armor improvements as "I" but with the armor deck lowered as Vollerthun had suggested to keep displacement within limits, though it had increased by Template:Cvt compared to . A third option, "III", reverted to the four-turret arrangement of but increased the caliber to 30.5 cm; three subvariants were included with slightly different armor arrangements. Two days later, the Construction Department provided the proposals to Tirpitz, who postponed a final decision; he was still unsure of whether ordering a third member of the class was preferable, since it could be built faster than a new design. In the meantime, the Construction Department produced a revised design, "IIb" on 8 October; a slight increase in displacement bought improved internal subdivision of the propulsion machinery spaces.

After a conference with the Kaiser at Rominten, Tirpitz agreed that "IIb" should be adopted, but offered an increase in displacement from Template:Cvt for additional improvements, primarily an increase in armor for the propulsion machinery spaces. Though the debate appeared to be settled, the Construction and General Departments then submitted a fourth design, "IVe", which significantly revised the layout of the main battery; one of the wing turrets was moved forward to a superfiring position over the fore turret, and the other wing mount was moved to the centerline. This arrangement provided increased firepower forward and maintained the same broadside. Bürkner wrote a memorandum on 13 December comparing "IIc" and "IVe"; in addition to the improvements in offensive power, it was structurally superior. The General Department issued its own evaluation on 20 December, which concluded that "IVe" was preferable, even if it had somewhat worse internal subdivision. The following day, Tirpitz convened a meeting to discuss the designs. The need to proceed quickly to take advantage of a favorable negotiating position with Blohm & Voss led those present to decide in favor of "IIc". On 7 January 1910, settled on a slightly improved version, "IIe", which raised the forecastle and made a few minor increases to the armor layout. The Kaiser approved the proposal on 27 January.

Design

File:Seydlitz1916.png

, drawn in her 1916 configuration

General characteristics

was long at the waterline, and overall. The ship had a beam of , which was increased to with anti-torpedo nets equipped. She had a draft of forward and aft. displaced as designed, which increased to Template:Cvt at full load. had a double bottom for 76 percent of the length of the hull. Her hull was divided into seventeen watertight compartments. The entire structure consisted of Siemens-Martin mild steel. All internal decks were fitted with linoleum, while the external decks were layered with teak planking.

The ship had a raised forecastle deck that extended for the first third of the ship's length, where it stepped down to the upper deck, which in turn covered the central third of the ship. Further aft, a reduced quarterdeck stepped down at main deck level. Her superstructure consisted primarily of a large conning tower forward, located directly aft of the fore turret. It had a smaller bridge erected atop it. A smaller, secondary conning tower was located further aft. was fitted with a pair of pole masts, which could be used to signal nearby vessels or transmit wireless signals. The masts were also equipped with crow's nests for spotting purposes.

The ship carried a number of smaller boats, including one picket boat, three barges, two launches, two yawls, and two dinghies. was described as having been a good sea boat with gentle motion. The ship lost up to 60 percent of her speed at a hard rudder, and would heel over to 9 degrees. Bilge keels were fitted to reduce any tendency to roll and thereby improve stability. The ship had a standard complement of 43 officers and 1025 men, and when serving as the flagship of I Scouting Group, this increased by an additional 13 officers and 62 men.

Propulsion

was propelled by four Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, which were manufactured under license by Blohm & Voss. The turbines were arranged in two sets. Each set consisted of a high-pressure outboard turbine which exhausted into a low-pressure inboard turbine. Each turbine drove a 3-bladed screw propeller that was in diameter. They were placed in their own individual engine rooms, the high-pressure turbines further forward of the low-pressure engines. Steam for the turbines was provided by twenty-seven small-tube Thornycroft-Schulz boilers that had two fire boxes per boiler. The boilers were divided into five boiler rooms, and the aft-most three were partitioned by an internal longitudinal bulkhead. The boilers were ducted into a pair of widely spaced funnels. Electrical power was provided by six turbo generators that produced 1,800 kW at 220 V.

The engines were designed to produce and a top speed of . Using forced draft on trials, the engines provided up to and a top speed of . The ship carried up to of coal. In 1916, supplemental oil firing was added to improve the burn rate of the coal. With full fuel stores, could steam at a cruising speed of for . At , the ship was calculated to have a cruising radius of Template:Cvt. The ship experienced some vibration when steaming at and while steaming astern, but it was not significant enough to disrupt the aiming of the guns. Steering was controlled by a pair of rudders that were arranged on the centerline.

Armament

A large gray battlecruiser steams through choppy seas, thick black smoke pours from her rear smoke stack.

steaming into Scapa Flow

mounted a nearly identical main battery to that of the preceding -class ships: ten SK L/50 gunsTemplate:Efn in five twin-gun turrets. The guns were arranged similarly as well, with one turret fore, two staggered wing turrets amidships, and two super-firing turrets aft. They were placed in newer C/1910 mountings, which enabled depression of the guns down to −8 degrees and elevation to 13.5 degrees—the same range of motion of the earlier C/1908 turrets. At 13.5 degrees, the guns could be fired to Template:Cvt. In 1916, had her main turrets modified to allow for elevation up to 16 degrees, for a maximum range of Template:Cvt. Each turret was equipped with a Template:Cvt rangefinder, apart from the rear turret, and an additional 3 m rangefinder was fitted in the gunnery control tower, which was located directly aft of the conning tower. The main battery was supplied with 87 armor-piercing rounds per gun, for a total of 870 shells. In addition to the shell, each gun chambered a Template:Cvt fore propellant charge in a silk bag and a Template:Cvt main charge in a brass case. The guns fired the shells at a muzzle velocity of Template:Cvt. The guns were hand-rammed, which required the barrels to be returned to 0 degrees elevation for reloading. Training and elevation was controlled hydraulically.

carried a similar secondary battery to the preceding -class design. She mounted twelve SK L/45 guns in single casemates along the center of the ship. These guns fired armor-piercing shells at a rate of 4 to 5 per minute. The guns could depress to −7 degrees and elevate to 20 degrees, for a maximum range of , and after the 1916 refit, the range was extended to . The shells weighed and were fired at a muzzle velocity of . The guns were manually elevated and trained.

For defense against torpedo boats, the ship was also armed with twelve SK L/45 quick-firing guns, which were mounted in casemates as well. Four were located in the forecastle; two were in the forward superstructure; another pair were placed in the aft superstructure; and the remaining four were located in the aft upper deck, near the rear superfiring turret. These guns fired at a muzzle velocity of 590 mps (1,936 fps). Their rate of fire was approximately 15 shells per minute; the guns could engage targets out to . The gun mounts were manually operated. Two of these guns were removed in 1916 and replaced with high-angle 8.8 cm Flak L/45 anti-aircraft guns. The rest of the 8.8 cm guns were slowly removed over the course of the next two years, and their casemates were welded closed.

As was customary for all German capital ships of the time, was equipped with four submerged torpedo tubes. The ship mounted one tube in the bow, one in the stern, and one was on each side of the vessel. The weapons were in diameter, and a total of eleven torpedoes were stored. She was initially equipped with the G6 version, which carried a Template:Cvt warhead and could be set at two speeds for different ranges. At , the torpedoes could reach Template:Cvt and at , the range fell to Template:Cvt. These were replaced beginning in 1913 by the G7 type, which carried a Template:Cvt warhead. Their range increased significantly, to Template:Cvt at 27 knots and Template:Cvt at .

Armor

's armor consisted of Krupp cemented and nickel steel. Her side armor was divided into three components: a strake that extended for the full length of the hull, which comprised the belt armor. Above that, another strake that began at frame 32.5 (just aft of the rearmost main battery turret) and extended to frame 130 (just forward of the fore turret) was referred to as the citadel. Lastly, a third strake above the citadel covered the secondary battery casemates, extending for the length of the secondary battery. The main belt was Template:Cvt thick for the length of the citadel, tapering down to Template:Cvt at the top edge and Template:Cvt at the bottom. Further aft, it reduced to Template:Cvt. The bow section of the belt tapered from Template:Cvt down to 100 mm at the stem, and it too decreased to Template:Cvt at the upper edge. The citadel strake was Template:Cvt thick, and both ends were capped with transverse bulkheads that ranged in thickness from Template:Cvt. Krupp steel that was Template:Cvt thick protected the casemate battery.

A curved armor deck covered the entire hull; the central, flat portion was Template:Cvt above the waterline, while the sloped sides extended down at an angle of 30 degrees to connect to the bottom of the belt armor. Inside the citadel, the flat deck and sloped sides were Template:Cvt thick. Forward of the citadel, the flat and sides of the deck were a uniform 50 mm, while the stern section of the deck was 50 mm on the flat and 30 mm on the sides. Atop the casemate, another 25 mm upper deck provided additional protection. Extending down from the sloped deck were a pair of longitudinal bulkheads; the outer torpedo bulkhead was 50 mm thick.

The forward conning tower had 300 mm of armor on the sides, and a Template:Cvt thick roof. A communication shaft protected with 200 mm extended down from the conning tower. Her aft conning tower received 200 mm on the sides and 50 mm on the roof, and its communication shaft received 150 mm above the deck and 80 mm below. The turrets were protected by Template:Cvt on the faces and 200 mm on the sides; their roofs were 100 mm on the sloped forward edge, reduced to Template:Cvt on the flat portion. The supporting barbettes were protected by plating 230 mm thick; below the main barbette, a smaller shaft that was armored with 30 mm thick steel extended down to the magazines. 's secondary guns were fitted with 80 mm thick gun shields, while most of the 8.8 cm guns were equipped with 50 mm shields, with the exception of the forward set that were not fitted with shields.

Service history

A large ship in a drydock, surrounded by construction equipment.

in the floating dry dock at Kiel, before the war

The keel for laid down on 4 February 1911 at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg; she was named after the Prussian cavalry general Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz. She was launched on 30 March 1912, and was christened by Karl Wilhelm Heinrich von Kleist. A shipyard crew took the ship to Kiel in April 1913, conducting acceptance testing on the way. There on 22 May, the ship was commissioned into the German fleet, her crew being taken from the old armored cruiser , which had been recently transferred to the reserve fleet. Her first commander was (KzS—Captain at Sea) Moritz von Egidy. then began sea trials, which were interrupted from 29 June to 3 July. In late June, was ordered to join the Kaiser at the Kiel Week sailing regatta, though the voyage was used to calculate fuel consumption. While there, the ship received a visit from the Kaiser on 29 June and King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy on 3 July.

While still on trials on 26 July, the ship briefly ran aground off Friedrichsort in heavy fog. The ship's initial testing was completed on 17 August, and she soon thereafter joined the rest of the High Seas Fleet off the island of Helgoland on 31 August for the annual fleet exercises, which concluded on 9 September. was assigned to I Scouting Group and participated in all routine training activities of the unit through mid-1914. These included large-scale unit maneuvers in March 1914 in the North Sea, and then exercises with the rest of the fleet in the North and Baltic Seas in April and May. In June, again sailed to visit Kiel Week. On 23 June, the vessel became the flagship of (Rear Admiral) Franz von Hipper, the commander of I Scouting Group. Further fleet exercises were carried out initially in the Skaggerak, beginning on 13 July. led the group during the fleet's short cruise to Norwegian waters later in July, which was cut short by the July Crisis that led to the outbreak of World War I at the end of the month.

World War I

File:Seydlitz underway.jpg

underway, probably early in her career

Battle of Heligoland Bight

and the rest of the fleet received mobilization orders on 1 August, indicating war was imminent. Beginning on 4 August, I Scouting Group was tasked with guarding the German Bight; and the other battlecruisers provided cover to lighter forces that patrolled the area for enemy warships. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, a brief engagement between German light cruisers and a raiding force of British cruisers and battlecruisers took place on 28 August 1914. During the morning, British cruisers from the Harwich Force attacked the German destroyers patrolling the Heligoland Bight. Six German light cruisers—, , , , , and —responded to the attack and inflicted serious damage to the British raiders. The arrival at approximately 13:37 of the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, under the command of Vice Admiral David Beatty, quickly put the German ships at a disadvantage.

Along with the rest of the I Scouting Group battlecruisers, was stationed in the Wilhelmshaven Roads on the morning of the battle. By 08:50, Hipper had requested permission from Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, the commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet, to send his ships to relieve the beleaguered German cruisers. The battlecruisers and were ready to sail by 12:10, but the low tide prevented the ships from being able to pass over the sand bar at the mouth of the Jade Estuary safely. At 14:10, and were able to cross the Jade bar; Hipper ordered the German light cruisers to fall back to his ships, while Hipper himself was about an hour behind in . At 14:25, the remaining light cruisers—, , , , and —rendezvoused with the battlecruisers. arrived on the scene by 15:10, while succumbed to battle damage and sank. Hipper ventured forth cautiously to search for the two missing light cruisers, and , which had already sunk. By 16:00, the German flotilla turned around to return to the Jade Estuary, arriving at approximately 20:23.

Bombardment of Yarmouth

File:Seydlitz moored in harbor.jpg

moored in harbor, c. 1914–1916

On 2 November 1914, , followed by , , and the armored cruiser , along with four light cruisers, left the Jade Estuary and steamed towards the English coast. The flotilla arrived off Great Yarmouth at daybreak the following morning and bombarded the port, while the light cruiser laid a minefield. The British submarine responded to the bombardment, but struck one of the mines laid by and sank. Shortly thereafter, Hipper ordered his ships to turn back to German waters. While Hipper's ships were returning to German waters, a heavy fog covered the Heligoland Bight, so the ships were ordered to halt until visibility improved so they could safely navigate the defensive minefields. The armored cruiser made a navigational error that led the ship into one of the German minefields. struck two mines and quickly sank; the coastal defense ship was able to save 127 men of the crew.

I Scouting Group next went to sea on 20 November to cover the transfer of the brand-new battlecruiser to Wilhelmshaven. and the rest of the unit, accompanied by , , and V Torpedo-boat Flotilla, sailed about Template:Cvt to the north of Helgoland before turning back for port. They encountered no British forces during the sortie. thereafter joined I Scouting Group. and the rest of the group sailed again on 9 December in a short sweep into the German Bight, which ended without result.

Bombardment of Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby

Ingenohl decided that another raid on the English coast should be carried out in the hopes of luring a portion of the Grand Fleet into combat where it could be destroyed. At 03:20 on 15 December, , , , , and , along with the light cruisers , , , and , and two squadrons of torpedo boats left the Jade. The ships sailed north past the island of Heligoland, until they reached the Horns Reef lighthouse, at which point the ships turned west towards Scarborough. Twelve hours after Hipper left the Jade, the High Seas Fleet, consisting of 14 dreadnoughts and 8 pre-dreadnoughts and a screening force of 2 armored cruisers, 7 light cruisers, and 54 torpedo boats, departed to provide distant cover.

On 26 August 1914, the German light cruiser had run aground in the Gulf of Finland; the wreck was captured by the Russian navy, which found code books used by the German navy, along with navigational charts for the North Sea. These documents were then passed on to the Royal Navy. Room 40 began decrypting German signals, and on 14 December, intercepted messages relating to the plan to bombard Scarborough. The exact details of the plan were unknown, and it was assumed that the High Seas Fleet would remain safely in port, as in the previous bombardment. Beatty's four battlecruisers, supported by the 3rd Cruiser Squadron and the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron, along with the 2nd Battle Squadron's six dreadnoughts, were to ambush Hipper's battlecruisers.

During the night of 15 December, the main body of the High Seas Fleet encountered British destroyers. Fearing the prospect of a nighttime torpedo attack, Ingenohl ordered the ships to retreat. Hipper was unaware of Ingenohl's reversal, and so he continued with the bombardment. Upon reaching the British coast, Hipper's battlecruisers split into two groups. , , and went north to shell Hartlepool, while and went south to shell Scarborough and Whitby. During the bombardment of Hartlepool, was hit three times and was hit six times by the coastal battery. suffered only minimal damage, and no casualties. By 09:45 on the 16th, the two groups had reassembled, and they began to retreat eastward.

Map showing the locations of the British and German fleets; the German light cruisers pass between the British battleship and battlecruiser forces while the German battlecruisers steam to the northeast. The German battleships lie to the east of the other ships.

The High Seas Fleet's disposition on the morning of 16 December

By this time, Beatty's battlecruisers were in position to block Hipper's chosen egress route, while other forces were en route to complete the encirclement. At 12:25, the light cruisers of II Scouting Group began to pass through the British forces searching for Hipper. One of the cruisers in the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron spotted and signaled a report to Beatty. At 12:30, Beatty turned his battlecruisers towards the German ships. Beatty presumed that the German cruisers were the advance screen for Hipper's ships, but the battlecruisers were some ahead. The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron, which had been screening for Beatty's ships, detached to pursue the German cruisers, but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions.Template:Efn This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers. The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape.

Both the British and the Germans were disappointed that they failed to effectively engage their opponents. Ingenohl's reputation suffered greatly as a result of his timidity. The captain of was furious; he stated that Ingenohl had turned back "because he was afraid of eleven British destroyers which could have been eliminated ... under the present leadership we will accomplish nothing." The official German history criticized Ingenohl for failing to use his light forces to determine the size of the British fleet, stating: "He decided on a measure which not only seriously jeopardized his advance forces off the English coast but also deprived the German Fleet of a signal and certain victory."

Battle of Dogger Bank

File:Battle of Dogger Bank (1915) Map.png

Diagram of the two squadrons at Dogger Bank

In early January 1915, it became known that British ships were conducting reconnaissance in the Dogger Bank area. Ingenohl was initially reluctant to attempt to destroy these forces, because I Scouting Group was temporarily weakened while was in drydock for periodic maintenance. Richard Eckermann, the Chief of Staff of the High Seas Fleet, insisted on the operation, and so Ingenohl relented and ordered Hipper to take his battlecruisers to the Dogger Bank. On 23 January, Hipper sortied, with in the lead, followed by , , and , along with the light cruisers , , , and and 19 torpedo boats from V Flotilla and II and XVIII Half-Flotillas. and were assigned to the forward screen, while and were assigned to the starboard and port, respectively. Each light cruiser had a half-flotilla of torpedo boats attached.

Again, interception and decryption of German wireless signals played an important role. Although they were unaware of the exact plans, the cryptographers of Room 40 were able to deduce that Hipper would be conducting an operation in the Dogger Bank area. To counter it, Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Rear Admiral Archibald Moore's 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron and Commodore William Goodenough's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron were to rendezvous with Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt's Harwich Force at 8:00 on 24 January, approximately north of the Dogger Bank. At 08:14, spotted the light cruiser and several destroyers from the Harwich Force. Aurora challenged with a search light, at which point attacked Aurora and scored two hits. Aurora returned fire and scored two hits on in retaliation. Hipper immediately turned his battlecruisers towards the gunfire, when, almost simultaneously, spotted a large amount of smoke to the northwest of her position. This was identified as a number of large British warships steaming towards Hipper's ships.

Hipper turned south to flee, but was limited to , which was the maximum speed of the older armored cruiser . The pursuing British battlecruisers were steaming at , and quickly caught up to the German ships. At 09:52, opened fire on from a range of approximately ; shortly thereafter, and began firing as well. At 10:09, the British guns made their first hit on . Two minutes later, the German ships began returning fire, primarily concentrating on Lion, from a range of . At 10:28, Lion was struck on the waterline, which tore a hole in the side of the ship and flooded a coal bunker. At 10:30, , the fourth ship in Beatty's line, came within range of and opened fire. By 10:35, the range had closed to , at which point the entire German line was within the effective range of the British ships. Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to engage their German counterparts.Template:Efn Confusion aboard Tiger led the captain to believe he was to fire on , which left able to fire without distraction.

File:SMS Seydlitz mit Zeppelin.jpg

with a zeppelin overhead

was struck in her forecastle at 10:25, by a shell from Lion, but this hit did minor damage. At 10:40, Lion hit with another 13.5 in shell, which holed the deck and penetrated the rear barbette. The shell itself failed to enter the barbette, but the explosion flashed into the working chamber and detonated the propellant charges inside.

In the reloading chamber, where the shell penetrated, part of the charge in readiness for loading was set on fire. The flames rose high up into the turret and down into the ammunition chamber, and thence through a connecting door, usually kept shut, through which men from the ammunition chamber tried to escape into the fore turret. The flames thus made their way through to the other ammunition chamber and thence up to the second turret, and from this cause the entire guns' crews of both turrets perished very quickly. The flames rose above the turrets as high as a house.

The explosion killed 159 men, and destroyed both of the rear turrets. The fire was prevented from spreading to the shell magazines, which could have destroyed the ship, by the quick action of the executive officer, who ordered both magazines be flooded.Template:Efn The Wilhelm Heidkamp was severely injured when he turned the red-hot valves to flood the magazines. At 11:01, struck back at Lion, and with a single 28 cm shell, knocked out two of LionTemplate:'s engines. Shortly thereafter, a pair of 30.5 cm shells fired by Derfflinger struck Lion, one at the waterline. The penetration allowed water to enter the port feed tank—this hit eventually crippled Lion, the sea water contamination forced the ship's crew to shut down the port engine. At 11:25, was struck on her armored belt amidships by a third and final shell, which did little damage.

By this time, was severely damaged after having been pounded by heavy shells. The chase ended when there were several reports of U-boats ahead of the British ships; Beatty quickly ordered evasive maneuvers, which allowed the German ships to increase the distance to their pursuers. At this time, LionTemplate:'s last operational dynamo failed, which dropped her speed to . Beatty, in the stricken Lion, ordered the remaining battlecruisers to "Engage the enemy's rear," but signal confusion caused the ships to solely target , allowing , , and to escape. By the time Beatty regained control over his ships, after having boarded Princess Royal, the German ships had increased their lead to a distance too great for the British to reengage; at 13:50, he broke off the chase. was repaired at the (Imperial Shipyard) in Wilhelmshaven from 25 January to 31 March 1915, after which she rejoined the fleet. The ship participated in a series of uneventful sweeps into the North Sea over the following months, on 17–18 and 21–22 April and then 17–18 and 29–30 May.

Battle of the Gulf of Riga

On 3 August 1915, , , and were transferred to the Baltic with I Scouting Group to participate in a planned foray into the Riga Gulf. The intention was to destroy the Russian naval forces in the area, including the pre-dreadnought , and to use the minelayer to block the entrance to Moon Sound with naval mines. The German forces, under the command of Hipper, included the four and four s, the battlecruisers , , and , and a number of smaller craft. Throughout the operation, and the other two battlecruisers remained in the Baltic and provided cover for the assault into the Gulf of Riga. They were to prevent any Russian naval reinforcements from interfering in the operation.

On 10 August, the battlecruisers spotted a Russian armored cruiser in the distance, which proved to be . briefly engaged the cruiser, but before joined the action, a German torpedo boat signaled a submarine sighting, which caused the Germans to abruptly break off the engagement. The next morning, the ships arrived off Danzig to replenish coal. I Scouting Group was again off station on 16 August; over the following days, the Germans repeatedly spotted submarines in the area. Early on 19 August, one of these submarines hit with a torpedo, which prompted Hipper to take his ships back to Danzig to evaluate the damage to the ship. That vessel was sent for repairs, while and returned to operations off the Gulf of Riga. The two battlecruisers and their escorts operated in the area on 21 August, but departed later that evening for Kiel.

Following the operation, and the other heavy units of the High Seas Fleet returned to the North Sea. On 11–12 September, and the rest of I Scouting Group covered a minefield laying operation off Terschelling. Another sweep into the North Sea took place on 23–24 October in the direction of Esbjerg, which again ended without encountering enemy forces. On 24 November, the ship ran aground in the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, but was quickly refloated. On 4 December, while exiting the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, became entangled in one of the net barriers. Divers had to remove the tangled nets from the starboard screws. was present on 3–4 March 1916 for the first major operation conducted (Vice Admiral) Reinhard Scheer, the new commander of the High Seas Fleet.

Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft

File:Die Seeschlacht bei Lowestoft am 25. April 1916.jpg

The German battlecruisers bombarding Lowestoft

On 24–25 April 1916, I Scouting Group undertook another operation to bombard the English coast, this time, the towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft. Hipper was on sick leave, so the German ships were under the command of Friedrich Boedicker, who flew his flag in . The German battlecruisers , , , and left the Jade Estuary at 10:55 on 24 April, and were supported by a screening force of 6 light cruisers and two torpedo boat flotillas. The heavy units of the High Seas Fleet sailed at 13:40, with the objective to provide distant support for Boedicker's ships. The British Admiralty was made aware of the German sortie through the interception of German wireless signals, and deployed the Grand Fleet at 15:50.

By 14:00, Boedicker's ships had reached a position off Norderney, at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling. At 15:38, struck a mine, which tore a 15 m (50-foot) hole in her hull, just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube. Eleven men were killed and of water entered the ship. The ship's draft increased at the bow of the ship. turned back with the screen of light cruisers at a speed of . The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage. By 16:00, was clear of imminent danger, so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark. The torpedo boat brought Boedicker to , and the operation continued as planned. After Boedicker departed the ship, , escorted by a pair of torpedo boats, withdrew southward to the Jade. She was out of service for over a month for repair work due to the mine damage.

Battle of Jutland

The British fleet sailed from northern Britain to the east while the Germans sailed from Germany in the south; the opposing fleets met off the Danish coast

Maps showing the maneuvers of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets on 31 May – 1 June 1916

Deployment

Almost immediately after the Lowestoft raid, Scheer began planning another foray into the North Sea. He had initially intended to launch the operation in mid-May, but the mine damage to had proved difficult to repair—Scheer was unwilling to embark on a major raid without his battlecruiser forces at full strength. On 22 May, the Wilhelmshaven dockyard reported the ship to be fit for duty, but tests carried out that night showed that the broadside torpedo flat that had been damaged by the mine was still not watertight, and there were still leaks in the fore and aft transverse bulkheads. Further repairs were necessary, and so the operation was postponed another week, by which time the Wilhelmshaven dockyard assured Scheer that the ship would be ready. At noon on 28 May, the repairs to were finally completed, and the ship returned to I Scouting Group.

On the night of 30 May 1916, and the other four battlecruisers of I Scouting Group lay in anchor in the Jade roadstead. The following morning, at 02:00 CET,Template:Efn the ships slowly steamed out towards the Skagerrak at a speed of . By this time, Hipper had transferred his flag from to the newer battlecruiser . took her place in the center of the line, to the rear of and ahead of . II Scouting Group, consisting of the light cruisers , Boedicker's flagship, , , and , and 30 torpedo boats of II, VI, and IX Flotillas, accompanied Hipper's battlecruisers.

An hour and a half later, the High Seas Fleet under the command of Scheer left the Jade; the force was composed of 16 dreadnoughts. The High Seas Fleet was accompanied by IV Scouting Group, composed of the light cruisers , , , , and , and 31 torpedo boats of I, III, V, and VII Flotillas, led by the light cruiser . The six pre-dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron had departed from the Elbe roads at 02:45, and rendezvoused with the battle fleet at 5:00.

Run to the south

Shortly before 16:00, Hipper's force encountered Beatty's battlecruiser squadron. The German ships were the first to open fire, at a range of approximately . The British rangefinders had misread the range to their German targets, and so the first salvos fired by the British ships fell a mile past the German battlecruisers. As the two lines of battlecruisers deployed to engage each other, began to duel with her opposite in the British line, Queen Mary. By 16:54, the range between the ships decreased to , which enabled Template:'s secondary battery to enter the fray. She was close enough to the ships of the British 9th and 10th Destroyer Flotillas that her secondary guns could effectively engage them. The other four German battlecruisers employed their secondary battery against the British battlecruisers.

Between 16:55 and 16:57, was struck by two heavy caliber shells from Queen Mary. The first shell penetrated the side of the ship five feet above the main battery deck, and caused a number of small fires. The second shell penetrated the barbette of the aft superfiring turret. Four propellant charges were ignited in the working chamber; the resulting fire flashed up into the turret and down to the magazine. The anti-flash precautions that had been put in place after the explosion at Dogger Bank prevented any further propellant explosions. Regardless, the turret was destroyed and most of the gun crew had been killed in the blaze.

A large warship is almost completely obscured by a huge column of smoke.

Queen Mary explodes after gunfire from and

By 17:25, the British battlecruisers were taking a severe battering from their German opponents. had been destroyed by a salvo from approximately 20 minutes before, and Beatty sought to turn his ships away by 2 points in order to regroup, while the s of the 5th Battle Squadron arrived on the scene and provided covering fire. As the British battlecruisers began to turn away, and were able to concentrate their fire on Queen Mary. Witnesses reported at least 5 shells from two salvos hit the ship, which caused an intense explosion that ripped the Queen Mary in half. Shortly after the destruction of Queen Mary, both British and German destroyers attempted to make torpedo attacks on the opposing lines. One British torpedo struck at 17:57. The torpedo hit the ship directly below the fore turret, slightly aft of where she had been mined the month before. The explosion tore a hole 40 feet long by 13 feet wide (12 m × 4.0 m), and caused a slight list. Despite the damage, the ship was still able to maintain her top speed, and kept position in the line.

The leading ships of the German battle fleet had by 18:00 come within effective range of the British ships, and had begun trading shots with the British battlecruisers and Queen Elizabeth-class battleships. Between 18:09 and 18:19, was hit by a shell from either or . This shell struck the face of the port wing turret and disabled the guns. A second 380 mm shell penetrated the already disabled aft superfiring turret and detonated the cordite charges that had not already burned. The ship also had two of her 150 mm guns disabled from British gunfire, and the rear turret lost its right-hand gun.

As the evening wore on, visibility steadily decreased for the German ships. Egidy later remarked:

"Visibility had generally become unfavorable. There was a dense mist, so that as a rule only the flashes of the enemy's guns, but not the ships themselves, could be seen. Our distance had been reduced from 18,000 to 13,000 yards. From north-west to north-east we had before us a hostile line firing its guns, though in the mist we could only glimpse the flashes from time to time. It was a mighty and terrible spectacle."

Battlefleets engage

At around 19:00, Beatty's forces were nearing the main body of the Grand Fleet, and to delay the discovery of the Grand Fleet's location by the German fleet, he turned his ships towards the German line, in order to force them to turn as well. This reduced the distance between the British and German battlecruisers from . Visibility continued to favor the British, and the German battlecruisers paid the price. Over the next several minutes, was hit six times, primarily on the forward section of the ship. A fire started under the ship's forecastle. The smothering fire from Beatty's ships forced Hipper to temporarily withdraw his battlecruisers to the southwest. As the ships withdrew, began taking on more water, and the list to starboard worsened. The ship was thoroughly flooded above the middle deck in the fore compartments, and had nearly lost all buoyancy.

By 19:30, the High Seas Fleet, which was by that point pursuing the British battlecruisers, had not yet encountered the Grand Fleet. Scheer had been considering retiring his forces before darkness exposed his ships to torpedo boat attack. He had not yet made a decision when his leading battleships encountered the main body of the Grand Fleet. This development made it impossible for Scheer to retreat, for doing so would have sacrificed the slower pre-dreadnought battleships of II Battle Squadron, while using his dreadnoughts and battlecruisers to cover their retreat would have subjected his strongest ships to overwhelming British fire. Instead, Scheer ordered his ships to turn 16 points to starboard, which would bring the pre-dreadnoughts to the relative safety of the disengaged side of the German battle line.

and the other battlecruisers followed the move, which put them astern of . Hipper's badly battered ships gained a temporary moment of respite, and uncertainty over the exact location and course of Scheer's ships led Admiral Jellicoe to turn his ships eastward, towards what he thought was the likely path of the German retreat. The German fleet was instead sailing west, but Scheer ordered a second 16-point turn, which reversed course and pointed his ships at the center of the British fleet. The German fleet came under intense fire from the British line, and Scheer sent , , , and at high speed towards the British fleet, in an attempt to disrupt their formation and gain time for his main force to retreat. By 20:17, the German battlecruisers had closed to within of , at which point Scheer directed the ships to engage the lead ship of the British line. managed to hit Colossus once, but caused only minor damage to the ship's superstructure. Three minutes later, the German battlecruisers turned in retreat, covered by a torpedo boat attack.

Withdrawal

A large gray warship, heavily flooded, its deck is nearly submerged. Thick black smoke pours from the funnels. An in-photo caption reads: "Seydlitz nach Skaggerak-schlacht", or "Seydlitz after the Skaggerack battle."

, heavily damaged during the battle of Jutland and attempting to limp home

A pause in the battle at dusk allowed and the other German battlecruisers to cut away wreckage that interfered with the main guns, extinguish fires, repair the fire control and signal equipment, and ready the searchlights for nighttime action. During this period, the German fleet reorganized into a well-ordered formation in reverse order, when the German light forces encountered the British screen shortly after 21:00. The renewed gunfire gained Beatty's attention, so he turned his battlecruisers westward. At 21:09, he sighted the German battlecruisers, and drew to within before opening fire at 20:20. In the ensuing melee, was hit several times; one shell struck the rear gun turret and other hit the ship's bridge. The entire bridge crew was killed and several men in the conning tower were wounded. The German ships returned fire with every gun available, and at 21:32 hit both Lion and Princess Royal in the darkness. The maneuvering of the German battlecruisers forced the leading I Battle Squadron to turn westward to avoid collision. This brought the pre-dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron directly behind the battlecruisers, and prevented the British ships from pursuing the German battlecruisers when they turned southward. The British battlecruisers opened fire on the old battleships; the German ships turned southwest to bring all of their guns to bear against the British ships.

By 22:15, Hipper was finally able to transfer to , and then ordered his ships to steam at towards the head of the German line. Only and were in condition to comply; and could make at most , and so these ships lagged behind. and were in the process of steaming to the front of the line when the ships passed close to , which forced the ship to drastically slow down to avoid collision. This forced , , and to turn to port, which led them into contact with the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron; at a range of , the cruisers on both sides pummeled each other. Ludwig von Reuter decided to attempt to lure the British cruisers towards and . Nearly simultaneously, the heavily damaged British cruisers broke off the attack. As the light cruisers were disengaging, a torpedo fired by struck , and the ship exploded. The German formation fell into disarray, and in the confusion, lost sight of . The ship was no longer able to keep up with Template:'s 22 knots, and so detached herself to proceed to the Horns Reef lighthouse independently.

File:Seydlitz in port for repairs.jpg

in port awaiting repairs

At 00:45, was attempting to thread her way through the British fleet, but was sighted by the dreadnought and noted as a "ship or Destroyer". AgincourtTemplate:'s captain did not want to risk giving away his ship's position, and so allowed her to pass. By 01:12, had managed to slip through the British fleet, and she was able to head for the safety of Horns Reef. At approximately 03:40, she scraped over Horns Reef, her speed having fallen to . Both of the ship's gyro-compasses had failed, so the light cruiser was sent to guide the ship home. By 15:30 on 1 June, was in critical condition; the bow was nearly completely submerged, and the only buoyancy that remained in the forward section of the ship was the broadside torpedo room. The ship had been turned around and steamed astern to relieve pressure on the badly strained bulkheads in the flooded bow. Preparations were being made to evacuate the wounded crew when a pair of pump steamers arrived on the scene. The ships were able to stabilize Template:'s flooding, and the ship managed to limp back to port. She reached the outer Jade river on the morning of 2 June, and on 3 June the ship entered Entrance III of the Wilhelmshaven Lock. At most, had been flooded by of water.

Close to the end of the battle, at 03:55, Hipper transmitted a report to Scheer informing him of the tremendous damage his ships had suffered. By that time, and each had only two guns in operation, was flooded with 1,000 tons of water, and was severely damaged. Hipper reported: "I Scouting Group was therefore no longer of any value for a serious engagement, and was consequently directed to return to harbor by the Commander-in-Chief, while he himself determined to await developments off Horns Reef with the battlefleet." In the course of the battle, was hit 21 times by heavy-caliber shells, twice by secondary battery shells, and once by a torpedo. The ship suffered a total of 98 of her crew killed and 55 wounded. herself fired 376 main battery shells and scored approximately 10 hits.

Later operations

On 15 June 1916, repair work to began in the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven, and continued until 1 October. The ship then underwent individual training, and rejoined the fleet in November. With his previous flagship at the bottom of the North Sea, Hipper again raised his flag in , though by this time, Hipper used the old light cruiser as his headquarters while in port. On 4 November, and , along with II Division, I Battle Squadron, III Battle Squadron, and the new battleship sailed to Bovbjerg on the Danish coast, in order to retrieve the stranded U-boats and . Two German battleships were torpedoed by a British submarine during the operation, which saw only one of the U-boats recovered. and the rest of the fleet took a much less active role through 1917, being used primarily to defend the German Bight. In November 1917, the new battlecruiser replaced as the group flagship. The same month, KzS Wilhelm Tägert relieved Egidy as the ship's captain.

Scheer had begun to use light surface forces to attack British convoys to Norway beginning in late 1917. As a result, the Royal Navy attached a squadron of battleships to protect the convoys, which presented Scheer with the possibility of destroying a detached squadron of the Grand Fleet. Scheer remarked that "A successful attack on such a convoy would not only result in the sinking of much tonnage, but would be a great military success, and would ... force the English to send more warships to the northern waters." Scheer instituted strict wireless silence in preparation for the planned attack. This denied the British the ability to intercept and decrypt German signals, which had previously been a significant advantage. The operation called for Hipper's battlecruisers to attack the convoy and its escorts on 23 April while the battleships of the High Seas Fleet stood by in support. At 05:00 on 23 April 1918, the High Seas Fleet left harbor with the intention of intercepting one of the heavily escorted convoys.

Hipper's forces were west of Egerö, Norway, by 05:20 on 24 April. Despite the success in reaching the convoy route undetected, the operation failed due to faulty intelligence. Reports from U-boats indicated to Scheer that the convoys sailed at the start and middle of each week, but a west-bound convoy had left Bergen on Tuesday the 22nd and an east-bound group left Methil, Scotland, on the 24th, a Thursday. As a result, there was no convoy for Hipper to attack. The same day, one of 's screws slipped off, which caused serious damage to the power plant and allowed of water into the ship. was forced to break radio silence in order to inform Scheer of the ship's condition, which alerted the Royal Navy to the High Seas Fleet's activities. Beatty sortied with a force of 31 battleships and four battlecruisers, but was too late to intercept the retreating Germans. The Germans reached their defensive minefields early on 25 April, though approximately off Helgoland was torpedoed by the submarine , though she successfully returned to port.

Fate

A line of large warships. Thick black smoke pours from their funnels as they steam through choppy seas.

, followed by the remaining five German battlecruisers, , , , and steaming into internment at Scapa Flow

File:Seydlitz capsized.jpg

capsized in Scapa Flow

was to have taken part in what would have amounted to the "death ride" of the High Seas Fleet shortly before the end of World War I. The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet; Scheer—by now the of the fleet—intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet. While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven, war-weary sailors began deserting en masse. As and passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshaven's inner harbor and roadstead, some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore.

On 24 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven. Many of the war-weary sailors felt the operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on several battleships mutinied; three ships from III Squadron refused to weigh anchors, and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships and . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation. Informed of the situation, the Kaiser stated "I no longer have a navy." The Wilhelmshaven mutiny spread to Kiel, and fueled a larger German Revolution that continued after the end of the war. Germany's military position was hopeless, and so Generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff convinced the government to sign the Armistice to end the war.

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Seas Fleet, under the command of Reuter, were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow. Prior to the departure of the German fleet, Admiral Adolf von Trotha made clear to Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships, under any conditions. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser , which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships. Once the ships were interned, their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks, and their crews were reduced to 200 officers and men.

The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended by two days, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. slipped beneath the surface at 13:50. On her side and on the bottom in 22 meters of water the wreck was frequently mistaken for a small island, and was sold in this condition as scrap to the salvage firm of Cox and Danks, led by Ernest Cox, along with a battleship and twenty-six destroyers.

Salvaging also proved difficult, as the ship sank again during the first attempt to raise her, wrecking most of the salvage equipment. Undaunted, Cox tried again, ordering that when she was next raised, news cameras would be there to capture him witnessing the moment. The plan nearly backfired when was accidentally refloated while Cox was holidaying in Switzerland. Cox told the workers to sink her again, then returned to Britain to be present as was duly refloated a third time. The ship was raised on 2 November 1928, and while still inverted was towed south to be scrapped in Rosyth by 1930. Template:'s bell is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial. One of the ship's 15 cm guns, which had been removed in 1916, was later mounted aboard the commerce raider during World War II.

External links

• DreadnoughtProject.org three high resolution dockyard drawings.