SMS Moltke

SMS

visiting Hampton Roads, Virginia in 1912

SMS Template:Efn was the lead ship of the s of the German Imperial Navy, named after the 19th-century German Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. Commissioned on 30 September 1911, the ship was the second battlecruiser of the Imperial Navy. , along with her sister ship Template:SMS, was an enlarged version of the previous German battlecruiser design, Template:SMS, with increased armor protection and two more main guns in an additional turret. Compared to her British rivals—the — and her sister Template:SMS were significantly larger and better armored.Template:Efn

The ship participated in most of the major fleet actions conducted by the German Navy during the First World War, including the Battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland in the North Sea in 1915 and 1916, respectively. She also took part in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in 1915 and Operation Albion in 1917 in the Baltic. was damaged several times during the war: the ship was hit by heavy-caliber gunfire at Jutland, and torpedoed twice by British submarines while on fleet advances.

Following the end of the war in 1918, , along with most of the High Seas Fleet, was interned at Scapa Flow pending a decision by the Allies as to the fate of the fleet. The ship met her end when she was scuttled, along with the rest of the High Seas Fleet in 1919 to prevent them from falling into Allied hands. The wreck of was raised in 1927 and scrapped at Rosyth from 1927 to 1929.

Design

As the German (Imperial Navy) continued in its arms race with the British Royal Navy in 1907, the (Imperial Navy Office) considered plans for the battlecruiser that was to be built for the following year. An increase in the budget raised the possibility of increasing the caliber of the main battery from the Template:Cvt guns used in the previous battlecruiser, Template:SMS, to Template:Cvt, but Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the State Secretary of the Navy, opposed the increase, preferring to add a pair of 28 cm guns instead. The Construction Department supported the change, and ultimately two ships were authorized for the 1908 and 1909 building years; was the first, followed by Template:SMS.Template:Sfn

was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of fully loaded. The ship displaced normally, and at full load. was powered by four Parsons steam turbines, with steam provided by twenty-four coal-fired Schulz-Thornycroft water-tube boilers. The propulsion system was rated at and a top speed of . At , the ship had a range of . Her crew consisted on 43 officers and 1,010 enlisted men.Template:Sfn

The ship was armed with a main battery of ten [[28 cm SK L/50 gun|Template:Cvt SK L/50 guns]] mounted in five twin-gun turrets; of these, one was placed forward, two were en echelon amidships, and the other two were in a superfiring pair aft. Her secondary armament consisted of twelve [[15 cm SK L/45|Template:Cvt SK L/45 guns]] placed in individual casemates in the central portion of the ship and twelve [[8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun|Template:Cvt SK L/45 guns]], also in individual mounts in the bow, the stern, and around the forward conning tower. She was also equipped with four Template:Cvt submerged torpedo tubes, one in the bow, one in the stern, and one on each broadside.Template:Sfn

The ship's armor consisted of Krupp cemented steel. The belt was Template:Cvt thick in the citadel where it covered the ship's ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. The belt tapered down to Template:Cvt on either end. The deck was Template:Cvt thick, sloping downward at the side to connect to the bottom edge of the belt. The main battery gun turrets had Template:Cvt faces, and they sat atop barbettes that were equally thick.Template:Sfn

Service history

A large warship sits in harbor, with two smaller boats alongside. High-rise buildings are seen in the distance.

in New York in 1912

Pre-war

The contract for "Cruiser G" was awarded on 17 September 1908,Template:Efn and the keel was laid on 23 January 1909. Her launching was scheduled for 22 March 1910, but work was delayed somewhat and the ceremony took place on 7 April 1910. At the launching of the ship on 7 April 1910, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger christened her after his uncle, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, the chief of staff of the Prussian and later German General Staff during the wars of German unification. On 11 September 1911, a crew composed of dockyard workers transferred the ship from Hamburg to Kiel through the Skagerrak. On 30 September, the ship was commissioned, under the command of (KzS—Captain at Sea) Ernst von Mann. She thereafter began sea trials, and though she had not yet formally entered service, the ship joined I Scouting Group, the fleet's main reconnaissance force. There she replaced the armored cruiser Template:SMS, which had been decommissioned on 22 September. In early November, the ships of I SG conducted a training cruise in the Kattegat; a serious storm forced to shelter in Uddevalla, Sweden, from 3 to 6 November. She spent the next several months completing her trials in the Danziger Bucht, and on 1 April 1912 the ship was pronounced ready for service.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The navy had intended to become the flagship of I SG upon entering active service, but she instead received orders for a special voyage. In mid-1911, an American squadron had visited Kiel, and the Germans wanted to reciprocate by sending a group of German vessels to the United States. They selected and the light cruisers Template:SMS and Template:SMS. The latter was already stationed in the waters off South America, and was to meet and at their destination, as part of a temporary cruiser division commanded by (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz. On 11 May, the two ships left Kiel, passed through the Canary Islands, and arrived off Cape Henry, Virginia, on 30 May, where joined them. The three ships then entered Hampton Roads on 3 June; the President of the United States, William Howard Taft, received the ships aboard the presidential yacht . Also present was a contingent from the Atlantic Fleet. On 8–9 June, the ships sailed to New York City, where the crews were well received by both local German clubs and the upper class. The ships departed New York on 13 June, sailing for Baltimore while and returned to Kiel. They arrived there on 24 June, and the following day, the cruiser squadron was dissolved.Template:Sfn was the only German capital ship to ever visit the United States.Template:Sfn

File:SMS Moltke with US officers 1912.jpg

US Navy officers coming aboard during the ship's visit to the United States in June 1912

In July 1912, escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II's yacht to Russia to meet Czar Nicholas II. The voyage lasted from 4 to 6 July.Template:Sfn Upon returning, Template:'s commander was replaced by KzS Magnus von Levetzow,Template:Sfn and the ship began her tenure as flagship of I SG, under the command of (VAdm—Vice Admiral) Gustav Bachmann. At that time, the unit consisted of , , the armored cruiser Template:SMS, the light cruisers , Template:SMS, Template:SMS, Template:SMS, Template:SMS, and Template:SMS, and the aviso Template:SMS, then serving as a tender. The ships took part in the annual fleet maneuvers held in August and September, which concluded with a naval review for Kaiser Wilhelm II in the German Bight. On 19 September, was awarded the Kaiser's (Shooting Prize) for large cruisers. visited Malmö, Sweden, and took part in training exercises later that year. In December, the ship was dry docked in Wilhelmshaven for periodic maintenance that lasted until February 1913.Template:Sfn

While underwent maintenance, Bachmann transferred his flag to until 19 February, when he returned to . Upon returning to service, the ship took part in squadron and fleet training exercises in the KAttegat and the North Sea in February and March. On 14 March, Bachmann temporarily transferred back to before returning to on 1 May. By that time, and the new light cruiser Template:SMS had been sent to the Mediterranean Sea in response to the First Balkan War, was out of service for maintenance, had been decommissioned, and the new battlecruiser Template:SMS had not yet commissioned, leaving I SG under strength for the fleet maneuvers scheduled for May. The large armored cruiser Template:SMS, then serving as the artillery school training ship, was temporarily assigned to I SG to make up the shortfall. Following the maneuvers, the unit cruised with the rest of the High Seas Fleet from 15 July to 10 August, which included a lengthy visit to Norway. During this period, visited Lærdalsøyri, Norway, from 27 July to 3 August. After the unit returned home, joined it on 17 August. KAdm Franz Hipper replaced Bachmann as the unit commander on 30 September, though he did not arrive aboard the ship until 15 October, as he had been on vacation at the time.Template:Sfn

In November, was present for fleet exercises in the Baltic Sea. The ships of I SG conducted unit maneuvers in February 1914 in the North and Baltic Seas. In late March, the fleet assembled for another period of training exercises that lasted into early May. On 23 June, Hipper transferred his flag to .Template:Sfn There was some consideration given to deploying to the Far East in order to replace the armored cruiser Template:SMS, but the plan was abandoned when it became apparent that needed a major overhaul and would need to be replaced in the Mediterranean. was then scheduled to transfer to replace her sister ship, but this plan was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in July.Template:Sfn

World War I

Battle of Heligoland Bight

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, on 28 August 1914, participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight. During the morning, British cruisers from the Harwich Force attacked the German destroyers patrolling the Heligoland Bight. Six German light cruisers—, Template:SMS, , Template:SMS, Template:SMS, and Template:SMS—responded to the attack and inflicted serious damage to the British raiders. However, the arrival at approximately 13:37 of the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, under the command of Vice Admiral David Beatty, quickly put the German ships at a disadvantage.Template:Sfn

Along with the rest of the I Scouting Group battlecruisers, was stationed in the Wilhelmshaven Roads on the morning of the battle. By 08:50, Hipper had requested permission from Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, to send and to relieve the beleaguered German cruisers.Template:Sfn was ready to sail by 12:10, but the low tide prevented the ships from being able to pass over the sand bar at the mouth of the Jade Estuary safely. At 14:10, and were able to cross the Jade bar; Hipper ordered the German cruisers to fall back to his ships, while Hipper himself was about an hour behind in the battlecruiser . At 14:25, the remaining light cruisers—, , , , and —rendezvoused with the battlecruisers.Template:Sfn arrived on the scene by 15:10, while succumbed to battle damage and sank. Hipper ventured forth cautiously to search for the two missing light cruisers, and , which had already sunk. By 16:00, the German flotilla turned around to return to the Jade Estuary, arriving at approximately 20:23.Template:Sfn

Bombardment of Yarmouth

On 2 November 1914, , Hipper's flagship , , and , along with four light cruisers, left the Jade Estuary and steamed towards the English coast.Template:Sfn The flotilla arrived off Great Yarmouth at daybreak the following morning and bombarded the port, while the light cruiser laid a minefield. The British submarine responded to the bombardment, but struck one of the mines laid by and sank. Shortly thereafter, Hipper ordered his ships to turn back to German waters. However, while Hipper's ships were returning to German waters, a heavy fog covered the Heligoland Bight, so the ships were ordered to halt until visibility improved so they could safely navigate the defensive minefields. left the Jade without permission, and while en route to Wilhelmshaven made a navigational error that led the ship into one of the German minefields. struck two mines and quickly sank; the coastal defense ship Template:SMS was able to save 127 men of the crew.Template:Sfn

Bombardment of Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby

It was decided by Ingenohl that another raid on the English coast was to be carried out, in the hopes of luring a portion of the Grand Fleet into combat, where it could be destroyed.Template:Sfn At 03:20 on 15 December, , , , Template:SMS, and , along with the light cruisers , , , and , and two squadrons of torpedo boats left the Jade.Template:Sfn The ships sailed north past the island of Heligoland, until they reached the Horns Reef lighthouse, at which point the ships turned west towards Scarborough. Twelve hours after Hipper left the Jade, the High Seas Fleet, consisting of 14 dreadnoughts and 8 pre-dreadnoughts and a screening force of 2 armored cruisers, 7 light cruisers, and 54 torpedo boats, departed to provide distant cover.Template:Sfn

On 26 August 1914, the German light cruiser Template:SMS had run aground in the Gulf of Finland; the wreck was captured by the Russian navy, which found codebooks used by the German navy, along with navigational charts for the North Sea. These documents were then passed on to the Royal Navy. Room 40 began decrypting German signals, and on 14 December, intercepted messages relating to the plan to bombard Scarborough.Template:Sfn However, the exact details of the plan were unknown, and it was assumed that the High Seas Fleet would remain safely in port, as in the previous bombardment. Beatty's four battlecruisers, supported by the 3rd Cruiser Squadron and the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron, along with the 2nd Battle Squadron's six dreadnoughts, were to ambush Hipper's battlecruisers.Template:Sfn

Map showing the locations of the British and German fleets; the German light cruisers pass between the British battleship and battlecruiser forces while the German battlecruisers steam to the northeast. The German battleships lie to the east of the other ships.

The High Seas Fleet's disposition on the morning of 16 December

During the night of 15 December, the main body of the High Seas Fleet encountered British destroyers. Fearing the prospect of a nighttime torpedo attack, Ingenohl ordered the ships to retreat.Template:Sfn Hipper was unaware of Ingenohl's reversal, and so he continued with the bombardment. Upon reaching the British coast, Hipper's battlecruisers split into two groups. , , and went north to shell Hartlepool, while and went south to shell Scarborough and Whitby.Template:Sfn During the bombardment of Hartlepool, was struck by a Template:Cvt shell from a coastal battery,Template:Sfn which caused minor damage between decks, but no casualties.Template:Sfn was hit six times and three times by the coastal battery.Template:Sfn By 09:45 on the 16th, the two groups had reassembled, and they began to retreat eastward.Template:Sfn

By this time, Beatty's battlecruisers were in position to block Hipper's chosen egress route, while other forces were en route to complete the encirclement. At 12:25, the light cruisers of II Scouting Group began to pass through the British forces searching for Hipper.Template:Sfn One of the cruisers in the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron spotted and signaled a report to Beatty. At 12:30, Beatty turned his battlecruisers towards the German ships. Beatty presumed that the German cruisers were the advance screen for Hipper's ships, however those were some Template:Cvt ahead.Template:Sfn The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron, which had been screening for Beatty's ships, detached to pursue the German cruisers, but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions.Template:Efn This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers. The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape.Template:Sfn

Both the British and the Germans were disappointed that they failed to effectively engage their opponents. Ingenohl's reputation suffered greatly as a result of his timidity. The captain of was furious; he stated that Ingenohl had turned back "because he was afraid of eleven British destroyers which could have been eliminated ... under the present leadership we will accomplish nothing."Template:Sfn The official German history criticized Ingenohl for failing to use his light forces to determine the size of the British fleet, stating: "he decided on a measure which not only seriously jeopardized his advance forces off the English coast but also deprived the German Fleet of a signal and certain victory."Template:Sfn

Battle of Dogger Bank

A large ship steams at full speed: the ship plows into the sea while dark gray smoke pours from its smoke stacks.

SMS underway

In early January 1915, it became known that British ships were conducting reconnaissance in the Dogger Bank area. Ingenohl was initially reluctant to destroy these forces, because I Scouting Group was temporarily weakened while was in drydock for periodic maintenance. However, KAdm Richard Eckermann, the Chief of Staff of the High Seas Fleet, insisted on the operation, and so Ingenohl relented and ordered Hipper to take his battlecruisers to the Dogger Bank.Template:Sfn

On 23 January, Hipper sortied, with his flag in , followed by , , and , along with the light cruisers , , , and and 19 torpedo boats from V Flotilla and II and XVIII Half-Flotillas. and were assigned to the forward screen, while and were assigned to the starboard and port, respectively. Each light cruiser had a half-flotilla of torpedo boats attached.Template:Sfn

Again, interception and decryption of German wireless signals played an important role. Although they were unaware of the exact plans, the cryptographers of Room 40 were able to deduce that Hipper would be conducting an operation in the Dogger Bank area.Template:Sfn To counter it, Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Rear Admiral Archibald Moore's 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron and Commodore William Goodenough's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron were to rendezvous with Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt's Harwich Force at 08:00 on 24 January, approximately north of the Dogger Bank.Template:Sfn

At 08:14, spotted the light cruiser and several destroyers from the Harwich Force.Template:Sfn Aurora challenged with a searchlight, at which point attacked Aurora and scored two hits. Aurora returned fire and scored two hits on in retaliation. Hipper immediately turned his battlecruisers towards the gunfire, when, almost simultaneously, spotted a large amount of smoke to the northwest of her position. This was identified as a number of large British warships steaming towards Hipper's ships.Template:Sfn

Hipper turned south to flee, but was limited to , which was the maximum speed of the older armored cruiser . The pursuing British battlecruisers were steaming at , and quickly caught up to the German ships. At 09:52, opened fire on from a range of approximately 20,000 yards (18,300 m); shortly thereafter, and began firing as well.Template:Sfn At 10:09, the British guns made their first hit on . Two minutes later, the German ships began returning fire, primarily concentrating on Lion, from a range of 18,000 yards (15,460 m). At 10:28, Lion was struck on the waterline, which tore a hole in the side of the ship and flooded a coal bunker.Template:Sfn At 10:30, , the fourth ship in Beatty's line, came within range of and opened fire. By 10:35, the range had closed to 17,500 yards (16,000 m), at which point the entire German line was within the effective range of the British ships. Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to engage their German counterparts.Template:Efn However, confusion aboard Tiger led the captain to believe he was to fire on , which left able to fire without distraction.Template:Sfn

At 10:40, one of LionTemplate:'s shells struck causing nearly catastrophic damage that knocked out both of the rear turrets and killed 159 men.Template:Sfn Disaster was averted when the executive officer ordered the flooding of both magazines to avoid a flash fire that would have destroyed the ship.Template:Efn By this time, the German battlecruisers had zeroed in on Lion and began scoring repeated hits. At 11:01, an shell from struck Lion and knocked out two of her dynamos. At 11:18, Lion was hit by two shells from , one of which struck the waterline and penetrated the belt, allowing seawater to enter the port feed tank. This shell eventually crippled Lion by forcing the ship to turn off its engines because of seawater contamination.Template:Sfn

By this time, was severely damaged after having been pounded by heavy shells. However, the chase ended when there were several reports of U-boats ahead of the British ships; Beatty quickly ordered evasive maneuvers, which allowed the German ships to increase the distance from their pursuers.Template:Sfn At this time, LionTemplate:'s last operational dynamo failed, which dropped her speed to 15 knots. Beatty, in the stricken Lion, ordered the remaining battlecruisers to "Engage the enemy's rear," but signal confusion caused the ships to solely target , allowing , , and to escape.Template:Sfn By the time Beatty regained control over his ships, after having boarded Princess Royal, the German ships had too far a lead for the British to catch them; at 13:50, he broke off the chase.Template:Sfn

Battle of the Gulf of Riga

On 3 August 1915, was transferred to the Baltic with I Reconnaissance Group (AG) to participate in the foray into the Riga Gulf. The intention was to destroy the Russian naval forces in the area, including the pre-dreadnought , and to use the minelayer Template:SMS to block the entrance to Moon Sound with naval mines. The German forces, under the command of now VAdm Hipper, included the four and four s, the battlecruisers , , and , and a number of smaller craft.Template:Sfn

On 8 August, the first attempt to clear the gulf was made; the old battleships Template:SMS and Template:SMS kept at bay while minesweepers cleared a path through the inner belt of mines. During this period, the rest of the German fleet remained in the Baltic and provided protection against other units of the Russian fleet. However, the approach of nightfall meant that would be unable to mine the entrance to Moon Sound in time, and so the operation was broken off.Template:Sfn

On 16 August, a second attempt was made to enter the gulf. The dreadnoughts Template:SMS and Template:SMS, four light cruisers, and 31 torpedo boats breached the defenses to the gulf.Template:Sfn and engaged in an artillery duel with , resulting in three hits on the Russian ship that prompted her withdrawal. After three days, the Russian minefields had been cleared, and the flotilla entered the gulf on 19 August, but reports of Allied submarines in the area prompted a German withdrawal from the gulf the following day.Template:Sfn

Throughout the operation, remained in the Baltic and provided cover for the assault into the Gulf of Riga. On the morning of the 19th, was torpedoed by the British E-class submarine . The torpedo was not spotted until it was approximately 200 yards (183 m) away; without time to maneuver, the ship was struck in the bow torpedo room. The explosion damaged several torpedoes in the ship, but they did not detonate themselves. Eight men were killed, and of water entered the ship. The ship was repaired at Blohm & Voss in Hamburg, between 23 August and 20 September.Template:Sfn In January 1916, KzS Johannes von Karpf relieved Levetzow as the ship's commander.Template:Sfn

Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft

File:Die Seeschlacht bei Lowestoft am 25. April 1916.jpg

The German battlecruisers bombarding Lowestoft

also took part in the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24–25 April. Hipper was away on sick leave, so the German ships were under the command of KAdm Friedrich Boedicker. The German battlecruisers , Template:SMS, , and left the Jade Estuary at 10:55 on 24 April, and were supported by a screening force of six light cruisers and two torpedo boat flotillas.Template:Sfn The heavy units of the High Seas Fleet sailed at 13:40, with the objective to provide distant support for Boedicker's ships. The British Admiralty was made aware of the German sortie through the interception of German wireless signals, and deployed the Grand Fleet at 15:50.Template:Sfn

By 14:00, Boedicker's ships had reached a position off Norderney, at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling. At 15:38, struck a naval mine, which tore a 50-foot (15 m) hole in her hull, just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube, allowing 1,400 short tons (1,250 long tons) of water to enter the ship.Template:Sfn turned back, with the screen of light cruisers, at a speed of . The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage. By 16:00, was clear of imminent danger, so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark. The torpedo boat Template:SMS brought Boedicker to .Template:Sfn

At 04:50 on 25 April, the German battlecruisers were approaching Lowestoft when the light cruisers Template:SMS and Template:SMS, which had been covering the southern flank, spotted the light cruisers and destroyers of Commodore Tyrwhitt's Harwich Force.Template:Sfn Boedicker refused to be distracted by the British ships, and instead trained his ships' guns on Lowestoft. The German battlecruisers destroyed two 6 in (15 cm) shore batteries and inflicted other damage to the town. In the process, a single 6 in shell from one of the shore batteries struck , but the ship sustained no significant damage.Template:Sfn

At 05:20, the German raiders turned north, towards Yarmouth, which they reached by 05:42. The visibility was so poor that the German ships fired one salvo each, with the exception of , which fired fourteen rounds from her main battery. The German ships turned back south, and at 05:47 encountered for the second time the Harwich Force, which had by then been engaged by the six light cruisers of the screening force. Boedicker's ships opened fire from a range of 13,000 yards (12,000 m).Template:Sfn Tyrwhitt immediately turned his ships around and fled south, but not before the cruiser sustained severe damage. Due to reports of British submarines and torpedo attacks, Boedicker broke off the chase and turned back east towards the High Seas Fleet. At this point, Scheer, who had been warned of the Grand Fleet's sortie from Scapa Flow, turned back towards Germany.Template:Sfn

Battle of Jutland

File:Map of the Battle of Jutland, 1916.svg

Maps showing the maneuvers of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets on 31 May – 1 June 1916

, and the rest of Hipper's battlecruisers in I Scouting Group, lay anchored in the outer Jade Roads on the night of 30 May 1916. The following morning, at 02:00 CEST,Template:Efn the ships slowly steamed out towards the Skagerrak at a speed of .Template:Sfn was the fourth ship in the line of five, ahead of , and to the rear of .Template:Sfn II Scouting Group, consisting of the light cruisers Template:SMS, Boedicker's flagship, Template:SMS, Template:SMS, and , and 30 torpedo boats of II, VI, and IX Flotillas, accompanied Hipper's battlecruisers.Template:Sfn

An hour and a half later, the High Seas Fleet under the command of Admiral Reinhard Scheer left the Jade; the force was composed of 16 dreadnoughts.Template:Efn The High Seas Fleet was accompanied by IV Scouting Group, composed of the light cruisers , Template:SMS, Template:SMS, , and Template:SMS, and 31 torpedo boats of I, III, V, and VII Flotillas, led by the light cruiser . The six pre-dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron had departed from the Elbe roads at 02:45, and rendezvoused with the battle fleet at 5:00.Template:Sfn

Run to the south

A large ship is sinking in the distance; a large dense cloud of smoke emanates from the wreck.

The destruction of Indefatigable

Shortly before 16:00, Hipper's force encountered Beatty's battlecruiser squadron. The German ships were the first to open fire, at a range of approximately 15,000 yards (14,000 m).Template:Sfn When the British ships began returning fire, confusion amongst the British battlecruisers resulted in being engaged by both New Zealand and Tiger.Template:Efn The British rangefinders had misread the range to their German targets, and so the first salvos fired by the British ships fell a mile past the German battlecruisers. At 16:52, hit Tiger with two main gun shells, but neither of these hits caused any significant damage. then fired a further four shells, two of which hit simultaneously on the midships and after turrets, knocking both out for a significant period of the battle.Template:Sfn

Approximately 15 minutes later, the British battlecruiser was suddenly destroyed by . Shortly thereafter, fired four torpedoes at Queen Mary at a range between .Template:Sfn This caused the British line to fall into disarray, as the torpedoes were thought to have been fired by U-boats. At this point, Hipper's battlecruisers had come into range of the V Battle Squadron, composed of the new s, which mounted powerful guns. At 17:06, opened fire on . She was joined a few minutes later by , Malaya, and ; the ships concentrated their fire on and .Template:Sfn At 17:16, one of the 15 in shells from the fast battleships struck , where it pierced a coal bunker, tore into a casemate deck, and ignited ammunition stored therein. The explosion burned the ammunition hoist down to the magazine.Template:Sfn

and changed their speed and direction, which threw off the aim of the V Battle Squadron and earned the battered ships a short respite.Template:Sfn While and were drawing the fire of the V Battle Squadron battleships, and were able to concentrate their fire on the British battlecruisers; between 17:25 and 17:30, at least five shells from and struck Queen Mary, causing a catastrophic explosion that destroyed the ship.Template:Sfn Template:'s commander, Karpf, remarked that "The enemy's salvos lie well and close; their salvos are fired in rapid succession, the fire discipline is excellent!"Template:Sfn

Battlefleets engage

By 19:30, the High Seas Fleet, which was by that point pursuing the British battlecruisers, had not yet encountered the Grand Fleet. Scheer had been considering retiring his forces before darkness exposed his ships to torpedo boat attack.Template:Sfn However, he had not yet made a decision when his leading battleships encountered the main body of the Grand Fleet. This development made it impossible for Scheer to retreat, for doing so would have sacrificed the slower pre-dreadnought battleships of II Battle Squadron, while using his dreadnoughts and battlecruisers to cover their retreat would have subjected his strongest ships to overwhelming British fire.Template:Sfn Instead, Scheer ordered his ships to turn 16 points to starboard, which would bring the pre-dreadnoughts to the relative safety of the disengaged side of the German battle line.Template:Sfn

and the other battlecruisersTemplate:Efn followed the move, which put them astern of .Template:Sfn Hipper's badly battered ships gained a temporary moment of respite, and uncertainty over the exact location and course of Scheer's ships led Admiral John Jellicoe to turn his ships eastward, towards what he thought was the likely path of the German retreat.Template:Sfn The German fleet was instead sailing west, but Scheer ordered a second 16-point turn, which reversed course and pointed his ships at the center of the British fleet.Template:Sfn The German fleet came under intense fire from the British line, and Scheer sent , , , and at high speed towards the British fleet, in an attempt to disrupt their formation and gain time for his main force to retreat.Template:Sfn By 20:17, the German battlecruisers had closed to within 7,700 yards (7,040 m) of , at which point Scheer directed the ships to engage the lead ship of the British line.Template:Sfn However, three minutes later, the German battlecruisers turned in retreat, covered by a torpedo boat attack.Template:Sfn

Withdrawal

File:Armour from SMS Moltke.jpg

A chunk of armor blown off during the Battle of Jutland

A pause in the battle at dusk allowed and the other German battlecruisers to cut away wreckage that interfered with the main guns, extinguish fires, repair the fire control and signal equipment, and ready the searchlights for nighttime action. During this period, the German fleet reorganized into a well-ordered formation in reverse order, when the German light forces encountered the British screen shortly after 21:00. The renewed gunfire gained Beatty's attention, so he turned his battlecruisers westward. At 21:09, he sighted the German battlecruisers, and drew to within before opening fire at 21:20.Template:Sfn The attack from the British battlecruisers completely surprised Hipper, who had been in the process of boarding from the torpedo boat Template:SMS. The German ships returned fire with every gun available, and at 21:32 hit both Lion and Princess Royal in the darkness.Template:Sfn The maneuvering of the German battlecruisers forced the leading I Battle Squadron to turn westward to avoid collision. This brought the pre-dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron directly behind the battlecruisers, and prevented the British ships from pursuing the German battlecruisers when they turned southward. The British battlecruisers opened fire on the old battleships; the German ships turned southwest to bring all of their guns to bear against the British ships.Template:Sfn

By 22:15, Hipper was finally able to transfer to , and then ordered his ships to steam at towards the head of the German line.Template:Sfn However, only and were in condition to comply; and could make at most 18 knots, and so these ships lagged behind. and were in the process of steaming to the front of the line when the ships passed close to , which forced the ship to drastically slow down to avoid collision. This forced , , and to turn to port, which led them into contact with the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron; at a range of , the cruisers on both sides pummeled each other. KADm Ludwig von Reuter decided to attempt to lure the British cruisers towards and . However, nearly simultaneously, the heavily damaged British cruisers broke off the attack.Template:Sfn As the light cruisers were disengaging, a torpedo fired by struck , and the ship exploded.Template:Sfn The German formation fell into disarray, and in the confusion, lost sight of . was no longer able to keep up with Template:'s , and so detached herself to proceed to the Horns Reef lighthouse independently.Template:Sfn

By 23:30 on her own, encountered four British dreadnoughts, from the rear division of the 2nd Battle Squadron. Karpf ordered the ship to swing away, hoping he had not been detected. The British ships in fact had seen , but had decided to not open fire in order to not reveal their location to the entire German fleet.Template:Sfn At 23:55, and again at 00:20, Karpf tried to find a path through the British fleet, but both times was unable to do so. It was not until 01:00, after having steamed far ahead of the Grand Fleet, that was able to make good her escape.Template:Sfn

A large gray warship, heavily flooded; its deck is nearly submerged. Thick black smoke pours from the funnels. An in-photo caption reads: "Seydlitz nach der Skaggerack-schlacht", or "Seydlitz after the Skaggerak battle."

The severely damaged returning to port after the battle

Close to the end of the battle, at 03:55, Hipper transmitted a report to Scheer informing him of the tremendous damage his ships had suffered. By that time, and each had only two guns in operation, was flooded with 1,000 tons of water, and was severely damaged.Template:Sfn Hipper reported: "I Scouting Group was therefore no longer of any value for a serious engagement, and was consequently directed to return to harbour by the Commander-in-Chief, while he himself determined to await developments off Horns Reef with the battlefleet."Template:Sfn

During the course of the battle, had hit Tiger 13 times, and was hit herself 4 times, all by shells. The No. 5 starboard 15 cm gun was struck by one of the 15 in shells and put out of action for the remainder of the battle. The ship suffered 16 dead and 20 wounded, the majority of which were due to the hit on the 15 cm gun. Flooding and counter-flooding efforts caused 1,000 tons of water to enter the ship.Template:Sfn

Later operations

On 6 June, Hipper transferred his flag back to , which was under repair from 7 June to 30 July in Hamburg. The ship thereafter conducted training exercises in the Baltic before being pronounced for active service on 14 August. Four days later, she took part in the fleet advance on 18–19 AugustTemplate:Sfn During the operation, I Scouting Group was to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty's battlecruisers. As was one of only two remaining German battlecruisers still in fighting condition in the Group ( being the other), three dreadnoughts were assigned to the Group for the operation: Template:SMS, Template:SMS, and the newly commissioned Template:SMS. Scheer and the rest of the High Seas Fleet, with 15 dreadnoughts of its own, would trail behind and provide cover.Template:Sfn The British were aware of the German plans and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them. By 14:35, Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and, unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just 11 weeks after the decidedly close call at Jutland, turned his forces around and retreated to German ports.Template:Sfn

In September 1916, Karpf left and KzS Hans Gygas assumed command of the ship, and remained her captain through the end of the war. took part in another operation in the North Sea on 25–26 September, still with Hipper aboard. She and the rest of I SG served as the covering force for a sweep by II Scouting Group in the direction of Terschelling. On 20 October, Hipper departed the ship.Template:Sfn Between September and October 1917, the ship took part in Operation Albion supporting the German invasion of the Russian islands of Ösel, Dagö, and Moon (in present-day Estonia). Following the successful operation in the Baltic, was detached to support II Scouting Group (II AG), but did not actively participate in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight.Template:Sfn

Late 1917 saw the High Seas Fleet beginning to conduct anti-convoy raids in the North Sea between Britain and Norway. In October and December 1917, two British convoys to Norway were intercepted and destroyed by German cruisers and destroyers, prompting Beatty, now the Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet, to detach several battleships and battlecruisers to protect convoys.Template:Sfn This presented to Scheer the opportunity for which he had been waiting the entire war: the chance to isolate and eliminate a portion of the Grand Fleet.Template:Sfn

At 05:00 on 23 April 1918, the High Seas Fleet left harbor with the intention of intercepting one of the heavily escorted convoys. Wireless radio traffic was kept to a minimum to prevent the British from learning of the operation.Template:Sfn At 05:10 on 24 April, suffered machinery failure: the starboard propeller had fallen off the shaft, and before the turbine could be stopped, a gear wheel was destroyed.Template:Sfn The destroyed wheel flung pieces of steel into an auxiliary condenser, which flooded the engine room and stopped the operation of the center and starboard engines. Saltwater entered the boilers, reducing the ship's speed to a mere four knots; by 08:45, the captain of reported to Scheer that his ship was "out of control",Template:Sfn and that the ship would need to be towed. At 09:38, the cruiser attempted to take the ship under tow, but was unable to do so. At 10:13, the dreadnought Template:SMS was detached from the battle fleet to tow back to port.Template:Sfn At 14:10, the convoy had still not yet been located, and so Scheer turned the High Seas Fleet back towards German waters. By 17:10, Template:'s engines had been repaired, and the ship was able to steam at a speed of 17 knots.Template:Sfn At 19:37, the British submarine spotted the ship and fired a torpedo into . The ship took in 1,800 tons of water, but was able to reach harbor under her own power.Template:Sfn Repairs were carried out in Wilhelmshaven in the Imperial Dockyard, between 30 April and 9 September 1918.Template:Sfn

Following repairs, took part in training operations in the Baltic from 19 September to 3 October. Starting on 1 November, the ship served as I Scouting Group flagship for Reuter,Template:Sfn after the battlecruiser Template:SMS had gone into dry dock for repairs.Template:Sfn

Fate

File:SMS Moltke 165-BO-0233.jpg

sailing to internment at Scapa Flow, November, 1918

was to have taken part in what would have amounted to the "death ride" of the High Seas Fleet shortly before the end of World War I. The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet; Scheer—by now the (Grand Admiral) of the fleet—intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet.Template:Sfn However, while the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven, war-weary sailors began deserting en masse. As and passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshaven's inner harbor and roadstead, some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore.Template:Sfn

On 24 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on several battleships mutinied; three ships from III Squadron refused to weigh anchor, and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships Template:SMS and Template:SMS. The order to sail was rescinded in the face of this open revolt. In early November 1918, the German Revolution began; it led to the Armistice that ended the war and it toppled the monarchy.Template:Sfn

was surrendered with the rest of the High Seas Fleet on 24 November 1918 and interned at Scapa Flow, under the command of Wollante.Template:Sfn Believing that the Treaty of Versailles had been signed and his fleet was about to be seized by the British, Reuter ordered the scuttling of the High Seas Fleet on 21 June 1919, while the British Grand Fleet was away on exercises. The ship sank in two hours and fifteen minutes.Template:Sfn was raised in 1927 and scrapped at Rosyth in 1929.Template:Sfn