SMS Hannover

SMS 's sister ship

SMS Template:Efn ("His Majesty's Ship Hannover") was the second of five pre-dreadnought battleships of the German Imperial Navy (). and the three subsequently constructed ships differed slightly from the lead ship in their propulsion systems and slightly thicker armor. was laid down in November 1904, launched in May 1905, and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in October 1907. The ship was armed with a battery of four guns and had a top speed of . The ships of her class were already outdated by the time they entered service, being inferior in size, armor, firepower, and speed to the revolutionary new British battleship .

and her sister ships saw extensive service with the fleet. The ship took part in all major training maneuvers until World War I broke out in July 1914. and her sisters were immediately pressed into guard duties at the mouth of the Elbe River while the rest of the fleet mobilized. The ship took part in several fleet advances, which culminated in the Battle of Jutland on 31MayTemplate:Snd1June 1916. During the battle, served as the flagship for IVDivision of IIBattle Squadron; she was not heavily engaged during the battle, nor was she damaged by enemy fire. After the battle, which exposed the weakness of pre-dreadnoughts like , she and her three surviving sisters were removed from active duty with the fleet to serve as guard ships. served in this capacity for the remainder of the war, first in the Elbe and, starting in 1917, in the Danish straits. She was decommissioned in December 1918, shortly after the end of the war.

The ship was brought back to active service in the , the post-war German navy. She served with the fleet for ten years, from 1921 to 1931, during which time she took part in several major overseas cruises to Spain and the Mediterranean Sea. was again decommissioned in September 1931; the navy planned to convert the ship into a radio-controlled target ship, but this was never carried out and she was instead used in explosive tests. was ultimately broken up for scrap between 1944 and 1946 in Bremerhaven. Her bell is preserved at the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden.

Design

Side and top views of a large ship with a large gun turret on either end and an array of smaller guns along its side. Three tall smoke stacks stand in the center of the vessel, between two heavy masts.

Plan and profile drawing of the class

The passage of the Second Naval Law in 1900 under the direction of (VAdm—Vice Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz secured funding for the construction of twenty new battleships over the next seventeen years. The first group, the five s, were laid down in the early 1900s, and shortly thereafter design work began on a follow-on design, which became the . The -class ships were broadly similar to the s, featuring incremental improvements in armor protection. They also abandoned the gun turrets for the secondary battery guns, moving them back to traditional casemates to save weight.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The British battleship —armed with ten 12-inch (30.5 cm) guns—was commissioned in December 1906.Template:Sfn DreadnoughtTemplate:'s revolutionary design rendered every capital ship of the German navy obsolete, including the class.Template:Sfn

was long overall, with a beam of , and a draft of . She displaced at full loading. The ship was equipped with two heavy military masts. Her crew numbered 35 officers and 708 enlisted men.Template:Sfn She was equipped with triple expansion engines that were rated at and a top speed of . Steam was provided by twelve Schulz-Thornycroft boilers; three funnels vented smoke from burning coal in the boilers. The ship had a fuel capacity of up to of coal. At a cruising speed of , she could steam for .Template:Sfn

Template:'s primary armament consisted of four SK L/40 guns in two twin turrets.Template:Efn HHer offensive armament was rounded out with a secondary battery of fourteen SK L/40 guns mounted individually in casemates. A battery of twenty-two SK L/45 guns in single mounts provided defense against torpedo boats. The ship was also armed with six torpedo tubes, all submerged in the hull. One was in the bow, one in the stern, and four on the broadside. Krupp cemented armor protected the ship. Her armored belt was thick in the central citadel, where it protected her magazines and machinery spaces, while thinner plating covered the ends of the hull. Her main-deck armor was thick. The main battery turrets had of armor plating.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Service

Peacetime

Several large light gray warships steaming in a line, closely together; thick smoke pours from all of their smoke stacks.

Elements of the High Seas Fleet, including the five s in line ahead

Funds for the construction of a second member of the class were included in the 1904 budget. The contract for the new vessel was awarded to the (Imperial Shipyard) in Wilhelmshaven on 1June 1904 under the contract name "P", which denoted an addition to the fleet.Template:Efn was laid down on 7November. The experiences of the Russo-Japanese War, then being fought, suggested that naval armor was too thin to protect against modern guns, and so the German designers increased the thickness of the main belt and the central citadel; this change was repeated in the three subsequent members of the class. The ship was launched on 29May 1905, and the President of the Province of Hanover, Richard von Wentzel, gave the speech. After completing fitting out, the ship was commissioned for sea trials on 1October 1907, but they were interrupted so that could join the fleet exercises in the Skagerrak in November. Trials resumed after the maneuvers were completed, and by 13February 1908 was ready to join the active fleet.Template:Sfn

She was assigned to II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet, joining her sisters and ; she replaced the older battleship . From May to June 1908, took part in maneuvers in the North Sea. From the following month until August, the fleet conducted a training cruise into the Atlantic. During the cruise, stopped in Ponta Delgada in the Azores, part of Portugal, from 23July to 1August. The annual autumn exercises began in September; after these were completed, was transferred to ISquadron, where she served as the flagship for two years. At the time, the squadron commander was VAdm Henning von Holtzendorff, and the unit consisted of the battleships , , , , , , and , along with the old aviso in use as a tender. In November, fleet and unit exercises were conducted in the Baltic Sea.Template:Sfn

The North Sea is bordered Germany to the southeast, Great Britain to the west, and Norway to the northeast. The Baltic is bordered by Germany to the south, Russia to the east, and Sweden to the north. The two seas are connected by the Skagerrak and the Danish straits.

Map of the North and Baltic Seas in 1911

The training regimen in which participated followed a similar pattern over the next five years. This included another cruise into the Atlantic, from 7July to 1August 1909, followed immediately by the annual autumn maneuvers in August and September. On 1October, VAdm Hugo von Pohl replaced Holtzendorff as the squadron commander aboard . The squadron conducted exercises in February 1910, and on 1April the unit was transferred from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven. On its arrival, the squadron was reinforced by the new dreadnought battleships and , which replaced and , respectively. also replaced as the squadron's flagship; she later replaced as the flagship of the squadron's deputy commander, (KAdmTemplate:SndRear Admiral) Günther von Krosigk. The ship won the Kaiser's (Shooting Prize) for excellent gunnery in ISquadron after the annual maneuvers. The squadron ended the year with further exercises in the Baltic and the Kattegat in October and November.Template:Sfn

Krosigk was replaced by KAdm Karl Zimmerman in January 1911. took part in fleet maneuvers in the North Sea in May, a fleet cruise to Norwegian waters in July and early August, and the annual maneuvers in August and September. The dreadnought , which had by then joined the squadron, replaced as the deputy command flagship on 3October, and the dreadnought took her place in the squadron, allowing to be transferred back to IISquadron, based in Kiel. She took part in training with IISquadron in November and from February through April 1912. She then took Template:'s place as the deputy command flagship on 27April, and KAdm Ehrhard Schmidt hoisted his flag aboard the ship that day. Fleet maneuvers in the North and Baltic Seas followed. Because of the Agadir Crisis with Britain and France, the summer cruise in July went only to the Baltic to avoid exposing the fleet to a possible attack. The autumn maneuvers took place as usual in August and September, after which KAdm Wilhelm von Souchon replaced Schmidt.Template:Sfn

The year 1913 followed a pattern similar to 1912, though the summer cruise returned to Norway that year. After the autumn maneuvers, Souchon was relieved by (KzSTemplate:SndCaptain at Sea) Template:Ill so he could be sent to command the Mediterranean Division. joined the rest of the fleet for maneuvers in the Baltic in November that year. The year 1914 began as previous years had, with squadron training.Template:Sfn On 14July, the annual summer cruise to Norway began. The threat of war during the July Crisis caused Kaiser WilhelmII to end the cruise early, after only two weeks, and by the end of July the fleet was back in port, preparing for hostilities.Template:Sfn At midnight on 4August, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany for violating Belgium's neutrality.Template:Sfn

World War I

Following the outbreak of World War I, was tasked with guard duty in the Altenbruch roadstead at the mouth of the Elbe River during the period of mobilization for the rest of the fleet. In late October, the ships were sent to Kiel to have modifications made to their underwater protection systems to make them more resistant to torpedoes and mines. then joined the battleship support for the battlecruisers that bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby on 15–16 December 1914.Template:Sfn During the operation, the German battle fleet of 12 dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts came within of an isolated squadron of six British battleships. However, skirmishes between the rival destroyer screens in the darkness convinced the German fleet commander, VAdm Friedrich von Ingenohl, that the entire Grand Fleet was deployed before him. Under orders from Wilhelm II to avoid battle if victory was not certain, Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the battle fleet back towards Germany.Template:Sfn

put to sea during the Battle of Dogger Bank on 24January 1915 to support the beleaguered German battlecruisers, but quickly returned to port. On 17–18 April, supported a minelaying operation off the Swarte Bank by the light cruisers of IIReconnaissance Group. A fleet advance to the Dogger Bank followed on 21–22 April. On 16May, was sent to Kiel to have one of her 28 cm guns replaced. The ship returned to Kiel on 28June to have supplemental oil firing installed for her boilers; work lasted until 12July. KzS Gottfried von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels replaced Mauve on 11August, raising his flag aboard on the 20th. On 11–12 September, IIReconnaissance Group conducted another minelaying operation off the Swarte Bank with and the rest of IISquadron in support. This was followed by another fruitless sweep by the fleet on 23–24 October. During the fleet advance of 5–7 March 1916, and the rest of IISquadron remained in the German Bight, ready to sail in support. They then rejoined the fleet during the operation to bombard Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24–25 April.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn During this operation, the battlecruiser was damaged by a British mine and had to return to port prematurely. Visibility was poor, so the operation was quickly called off before the British fleet could intervene.Template:Sfn

Battle of Jutland

The German fleet sailed to the north and met the British fleet sailing from the west; both fleets conducted a series of turns and maneuvers during the chaotic battle.

Diagram of the Battle of Jutland showing the major movements

Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the commander of the German fleet, immediately planned another advance into the North Sea, but the damage to delayed the operation until the end of May.Template:Sfn was the flagship in IVDivision of IIBattle Squadron, which was positioned at the rear of the German line. IIBattle Squadron was commanded by Mauve.Template:Sfn On 31 May, at 02:00 CET, Hipper's battlecruisers steamed out towards the Skagerrak, followed by the rest of the High Seas Fleet an hour and a half later.Template:Sfn During the "Run to the North", Scheer ordered the fleet to pursue the retreating battleships of the British VBattle Squadron at top speed. and her sisters were significantly slower than the faster dreadnoughts and quickly fell behind.Template:Sfn During this period, Scheer directed to place herself at the rear of the German line, so he would have a flagship on either end of the formation.Template:Sfn By 19:30, the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene and confronted Scheer with significant numerical superiority.Template:Sfn The German fleet was severely hampered by the presence of the slower -class ships; if Scheer ordered an immediate turn towards Germany, he would have to sacrifice the slower ships to make good his escape.Template:Sfn

Scheer decided to reverse the course of the fleet with the (battle about turn), a maneuver that required every unit in the German line to turn 180° simultaneously.Template:Sfn As a result of their having fallen behind, the ships of IIBattle Squadron could not conform to the new course following the turn.Template:Sfn and the other five ships of the squadron were, therefore, located on the disengaged side of the German line. Mauve considered moving his ships to the rear of the line, astern of IIIBattle Squadron dreadnoughts, but decided against it when he realized the movement would interfere with the maneuvering of Admiral Franz von Hipper's battlecruisers. Instead, he attempted to place his ships at the head of the line.Template:Sfn

Later on the first day of the battle, the hard-pressed battlecruisers of IScouting Group were being pursued by their British opponents. and the other so-called "five-minute ships" came to their aid by steaming in between the opposing battlecruiser squadrons.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The ships were only very briefly engaged, owing in large part to the poor visibility. fired eight rounds from her 28 cm guns during this period.Template:Sfn The British battlecruiser fired on several times until the latter was obscured by smoke. was struck once by fragments from one of the shells fired by Princess Royal.Template:Sfn Mauve decided it would be inadvisable to continue the fight against the much more powerful battlecruisers, and so ordered an 8-point turn to starboard.Template:Sfn

Late on the 31st, the fleet organized for the night voyage back to Germany; , , and fell in behind and the other dreadnoughts of IIIBattle Squadron towards the rear of the line.Template:Sfn was then joined by the other members of her unit: , , and .Template:Sfn situated herself between and , while the other two ships fell in at the rear of the line.Template:Sfn Shortly after 01:00, the leading ships of the German line came into contact with the armored cruiser , which was quickly destroyed in a hail of gunfire from the German dreadnoughts. was forced to fall out of line to avoid the sinking British ship, and an hour later rejoined the formation directly ahead of .Template:Sfn At around 03:00, British destroyers conducted a series of attacks against the fleet, some of which targeted .Template:Sfn Shortly thereafter, was struck by at least one torpedo from the destroyer ; the hit detonated an ammunition magazine which destroyed the ship in a tremendous explosion. was astern of and was forced to turn hard to starboard to avoid the wreck. Simultaneously, a third torpedo from Onslaught passed closely astern of , which forced the ship to turn away.Template:Sfn Shortly after 04:00, and several other ships fired repeatedly at what were thought to be submarines; in one instance, the firing from and nearly damaged the light cruisers and , which prompted Scheer to order them to cease firing.Template:Sfn and several other ships again fired at imaginary submarines shortly before 06:00.Template:Sfn

Despite the ferocity of the night fighting, the High Seas Fleet punched through the British destroyer forces and reached Horns Reef by 04:00 on 1June.Template:Sfn The German fleet reached Wilhelmshaven a few hours later, where the undamaged dreadnoughts of the and es took up defensive positions while the damaged ships and the survivors of IISquadron retreated within the harbor.Template:Sfn Over the course of the battle, had fired eight 28 cm shells, twenty-one 17 cm rounds, and forty-four shells from her 8.8 cm guns.Template:Sfn She emerged from the battle completely unscathed.Template:Sfn

Later actions

The experience at Jutland convinced Scheer that the pre-dreadnoughts of IISquadron could no longer be used as front-line battleships. Accordingly, they were detached from the High Seas Fleet and returned to guard duty in the Elbe. Now-KAdm Dalwigk zuLichtenfels hauled down his flag on 30November and a replacement was not appointed, though IISquadron remained in at least administrative existence until 15August 1917. In the meantime, went to Kiel for maintenance on 4November 1916 before resuming guard ship duties in the Elbe. From 10February to 23April 1917, she served as the flagship for VAdm Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz. During this period, on 21March, the ship had some of her guns removed. From 25June to 16September, she was rebuilt to serve as a guard ship in the Danish straits; she began serving in this role on 27September, replacing the battleship .Template:Sfn

Acts of insubordination began aboard the ship on 4November 1918, as a wider mutiny aboard the High Seas Fleet spread from Wilhelmshaven to Kiel.Template:Sfn On 11November, Germany entered into the armistice with the Western Allies. According to the terms of the armistice, the most modern components of Germany's surface fleet were interned in the British naval base at Scapa Flow, while the rest of the fleet was demilitarized.Template:Sfn On the day the armistice took effect, was sent briefly to Swinemünde, before returning to Kiel on 14–15November along with . was decommissioned a month later on 17December in accordance with the terms of the armistice.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Postwar service

Following the German defeat in World War I, the German navy was reorganized as the according to the Treaty of Versailles. The new navy was permitted to retain eight pre-dreadnought battleships under Article 181Template:Sndtwo of which would be in reserveTemplate:Sndfor coastal defense.Template:Sfn This amounted to three of the -class battleships—, and —as well as the five -class battleships.Template:Sfn was modernized between 1920 and 1921 to prepare her for active service with the fleet. On 10February 1921, she was recommissioned as the flagship of the Commander of the Naval Forces of the Baltic Sea, (KzS and Commodore) Hugo von Rosenberg. The unit was based in Swinemünde, and at the time it also included the light cruiser , the survey ship , and ITorpedo-boat Flotilla. In June and July, the unit held the first major post-war exercises in the western Baltic. Later that year, visited Gotland. In March 1922, was tasked with clearing paths in the heavy sea ice in the eastern Baltic. On 1April, she and the rest of the unit were transferred to Kiel. During night-fighting exercises on 23May, collided with the torpedo boat S18, killing ten men aboard the torpedo boat. Later that year, during the summer training cruise, visited several ports in Finland, and in September she took part in major training exercises. She visited Stockholm from 18 to 22October, where Rosenberg was received by Gustaf V of Sweden.Template:Sfn

Two large warships steaming in opposite directions close together, with several other vessels are in the distance.

Ships of the in 1929; either or is at center

In 1923, visited Örnsköldsvik and Karlskrona in Sweden. She lost her role as flagship on 22September, and the fleet was reorganized from North Sea and Baltic Sea commands to create the Battleship Division, to which was assigned. In mid-1924, the Battleship Division made its first major overseas cruise to Spain, and stopped in Portugalete from 6 to 13July. Paul Behncke, the commander of the , came aboard the ship during the autumn maneuvers in August and September, which concluded with a fleet review off Hel, Poland, on 10September. While enroute from Wilhelmshaven to Kiel in December, collided with a tugboat that had been torn from its moorings. was damaged in the accident and water flooded the engine room, forcing her to return to Wilhelmshaven for repairs that lasted until February 1925. The fleet cruised Norwegian waters during the summer cruise and visited Oslo and Ulvik, and in September the ships conducted training in the North Sea. On 1October, once again became a flagship, this time for the 2ndAdmiral of the Battleship Division, Wilhelm Prentzel. At that time, the active German fleet consisted of , , the light cruiser , and IITorpedo-boat Flotilla.Template:Sfn

took part in several major cruises in 1926, the first of which, from 13May to 18June, went to Spain and the Mediterranean Sea. She visited the Spanish ports of Palma in Majorca, Cartagena, and Vigo during the cruise. The second cruise took place from 28June to 1July, and took the ship to Helsingfors, Finland. From 4 to 5September, the fleet cruised in the Skagen, before beginning another Atlantic cruise on 11October. During the voyage, stopped in Funchal, Las Palmas, Porto de Preia, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Villagarcia, and Amsterdam. The fleet returned to Germany on 16December, and on 1March 1927, was decommissioned for modernization and repairs, her place in the active fleet being taken by . The ship received a new mast, but unlike her sisters kept her original three funnels. She was recommissioned on 25January 1930 and rejoined the Battleship Division. She took part in the cruise to the Mediterranean that began on 2April. She made stops in Vigo, Valencia, Messina, Athens, Argostolion, Palma deMallorca, and Cádiz before arriving back in Wilhelmshaven on 18June.Template:Sfn

took part in a large fleet parade in the Baltic on 20May 1931 for President Paul von Hindenburg. She made her last trip abroad in June, when she visited Bergen, Norway. She participated in the autumn maneuvers that year, which concluded with a naval review for the outgoing fleet commander, VAdm Iwan Oldekop, on 11September. During the maneuvers, Erich Raeder, the chief of the , came aboard the ship. The ship thereafter went to Kiel, where she was decommissioned on 25September. The ship was struck from the naval register in 1936, after which the navy intended to rebuild for use as a target ship. The conversion never occurred. Instead, she was used in explosive tests.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Ultimately, the ship was broken up between May 1944 and October 1946 in Bremerhaven. Her bell now resides in the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden.Template:Sfn

References

• Armistice between the Allied Governments and Germany, Chapter V.