Sæberht of Essex

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Sæberht, Saberht or Sæbert[1] (d. c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 616) was the King of Essex from c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 604 to c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 616, in succession of his father King Sledd. He is known as the first East Saxon king to have been converted to Christianity.

The principal source for his reign is the early 8th-century Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by Bede, who claims to have derived his information about the missionary work of Mellitus among the East Saxons from Abbot Albinus of Canterbury through the London priest Nothhelm, later Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 739).[2] Other sources include the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, an East Saxon genealogy possibly of the late 9th century, and a handful of genealogies and regnal lists written down by Anglo-Norman historians.

Family

The genealogies and regnal lists are unanimous in describing Sæberht as the son of Sledd, who may have been regarded as the founder of the East Saxon dynasty.[3] According to Bede, Sæberht's mother was Ricula, a sister of King Æthelberht of Kent.[4] Bede omits the names of Sæberht's three sons, who succeeded him[5] but two, Sexred and Sæward, are named in the genealogy of Add MS 23211.[6]

Conversion and succession

In 604, the churchman Mellitus was consecrated by Augustine[7] as bishop in the province of the East Saxons, which had a capital at London, making him the first Saxon Bishop of London.[8] Bede tells that Sæberht converted to Christianity in 604[5][9] and was baptised by Mellitus, while his sons remained pagan.[10] Sæberht then allowed the bishopric to be established. The episcopal church which was built in London was probably founded by Æthelberht, rather than Sæberht, though a charter which claims to be a grant of lands from Æthelberht to Mellitus is a forgery.

Death and burial

File:The roll-call of Westminster Abbey (1906) (14598026428).jpg
1906 plan of Westminster Abbey showing Sæberht's putative tomb by the entrance of the south ambulatory[11]

Both Æthelberht and Sæberht died in 616, leaving the Gregorian mission without strong patrons.[12] Sæberht's pagan sons drove Mellitus from London.[13] According to Bede's explanation, this happened because Mellitus refused the brothers' request for a taste of the sacramental bread.[12]

Westminster Abbey

Later medieval legend claimed that Sæberht and his wife Ethelgoda had founded a monastery in London dedicated to St Peter at the site of the present Westminster Abbey, and that they had been buried in the church there.[14] In the reign of Henry III, during rebuilding work in 1245-1272, their supposed remains were transferred into a tomb which the king had especially erected for them in the Chapter House, close to the entrance of the Royal Chapels.[15] The King's remains were reportedly still clothed in royal robes and a ruby thumb ring was seen. In 1308, the bones were said to have been relocated once again to a marble tomb which still stands today in the south ambulatory. There is no genuine evidence to support this tradition however, and modern scholars cast doubt on the claim that Sæberht's bones were ever genuinely entombed here.[14][16][17]

Great Burstead

There is a local tradition that Sæberht lived, and was buried at Great Burstead in Essex.[18][19]

Prittlewell burial

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In 2003 a high-status Anglo-Saxon tomb was discovered at Prittlewell, just north of Southend in Essex. The artefacts found were of such a quality that archaeologists surmised that Prittlewell was a tomb of one of the Kings of Essex, and the discovery of golden foil crosses indicates that the inhabitant was an early Christian. As the initial evidence pointed to an early seventh-century date, Sæberht was considered the most likely candidate for the burial,[20][21] although other possibilities such as his Christian grandson Sigeberht the Good, or an unknown individual of high status, were not ruled out.[22][23] However, carbon dating techniques later indicated a revised date in the late 6th century. In May 2019, it was reported that a team of 40 specialists from the Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA) now believe the tomb could have belonged to Seaxa, Sæberht's brother. Carbon dating had indicated that the tomb was built between 575 and 605, at least 11 years before Sæberht's death.[24][25][26] Further details of the latest research have been published on the MOLA website.[27]

References

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  1. ↑ His name is alternatively written as Saebert, Sabert or Sebert.
  2. ↑ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Book 2, chapters 3, 5 and 6.
  3. ↑ Yorke, "The Kingdom of the East Saxons", pp. 15-6.
  4. ↑ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. Book 2, chapter 3.
  5. ↑ a b Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.
  6. ↑ Yorke, "The Kingdom of the East Saxons", p. 4.
  7. ↑ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 219.
  8. ↑ Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury p. 11–13a
  9. ↑ Hindley, Geoffrey A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The beginnings of the English nation New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers 2006 Template:ISBN p. 33-36
  10. ↑ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MSS A, B and C) s.a. 604.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Brooks "Mellitus (d. 624)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  13. ↑ Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 36
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ A History and Guide to the church of St Mary Magdelene Great Burstead
  19. ↑ K.D. Box, 24 Essex Churches (Letchworth, 1965), p.48.
  20. ↑ Channel 4 Time Team, Prittlewell Southend, The name of the king
  21. ↑ Holland, Jennifer S., 2005, "Crossing Over," National Geographic "Geographica," March 2005
  22. ↑ Blair, I., Barham, E., and Blackmore, L. (2004). My Lord Essex. British Archaeology 76: 10-17, Online text
  23. ↑ "MoLAS": MoLAS Report Template:Webarchive, Museum of London
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

  • Template:Cite Bede HE III.22, pp. 280–5.
  • Higham, N.J. The Convert Kings. Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Manchester, 1997.
  • Kirby, D.P. The Earliest English Kings. London, 1991.
  • Yorke, Barbara. "The Kingdom of the East Saxons." Anglo-Saxon England 14 (1985): 1-36.
  • Yorke, Barbara. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London, 1990.
  • Thornbury, Walter. "Westminster Abbey: Chapels and royal tombs," Old and New London: Volume 3 (1878), pp. 431–450.

Further reading

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  • Hirst, S. and S. Lamb. The Prittlewell Prince: The Discovery of a Rich Anglo-Saxon Burial in Essex. London, 2004.

External links

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Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check King of Essex
c. 604 – c. 616 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

Template:Essex Monarchs

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