Rubis-class submarine

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The Rubis class is a class of nuclear-powered attack submarines operated by the French Navy. It originally comprised six boats, the first entering service in 1983 and the last in 1993. Two additional units originally planned were cancelled as a result of post-Cold War budget cuts. All submarines of the Rubis class have been based at Toulon and are part of the Escadrille de sous-marins nucléaires d'attaque. Smaller than contemporary designs of other major world navies, the Rubis class shares many of its system designs with the conventionally-powered Template:Sclass. In the late 1980s, the Rubis class was proposed to Canada in the context of their plan to acquire nuclear-powered submarines.

The submarines of the class were built in two batches, with the final two built to an improved standard to reduce noise emissions that plagued the original design. Dubbed the AMÉTHYSTE rebuild, the first four hulls were refitted to its standard until they were practically indistinguishable from the final two hulls.

The Rubis class is being phased out and replaced with a new generation of nuclear-powered attack submarines, the Template:Sclass. The lead boat, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., entered operational service in June 2022. Four of the six Rubis-class submarines, Saphir, Rubis, Casabianca and Émeraude have been decommissioned in 2019, 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively.

Background and design

File:Rubis class submarine-2.svg
Silhouette before Améthyste rebuild
File:Rubis class submarine.svg
Silhouette after Améthyste rebuild

The Rubis class was the second attempt at constructing a nuclear-powered attack submarine. The first, also dubbed Rubis, had been authorised in 1964 but cancelled in 1968, just as the first boat was about to commence construction. However, a new naval plan in 1972, called Plan Bleu, stated a requirement for 20 attack submarines of both nuclear-powered and conventionally-powered types.Template:Sfn The new design, designated Type SNA 72 and called a sous-marin nucléaire de chasse (Template:Langx) was smaller than any contemporary nuclear-powered attack submarine design in other major world navies. The small hull design was capable due the development of a compact, integrated nuclear reactor-exchanger with turbo-electric drives.Template:Sfn Even then, the project was only considered feasible if equipped with weapons and sensors already in service, with the fire-control, torpedo-launching and submarine-detection systems also found in the Template:Sclass.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

As built the first four submarines of the class measured Template:Convert long overall with a beam of Template:Cvt and a draught of Template:Cvt. The Rubis class had a standard displacement of Template:Convert, Template:Cvt surfaced and Template:Cvt submerged.Template:Sfn The boats are of single-hull construction made of 80 HLES high elasticity steel and the forward diving planes are situated high on the conning tower. The Rubis class can dive to depths over Template:Cvt.Template:Sfn

The submarines are powered by a CAS-48 pressurised water nuclear reactor creating 48 megawatts utilising 7% low-enriched uranium,[1] driving two 3,950-kilowatt turbo-alternator sets. These power a single propeller creating Template:Convert.Template:Sfn At low speeds, the submarines use natural circulation to reduce noise emissions. In case of a reactor failure, the Rubises have an emergency electric motor powered by batteries or a SEMT-Pielstick 16PA4 diesel generator set with an output of Template:Convert. On battery power, the vessel has a range of Template:Convert and endurance for 15 hours.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The submarines had a cruisingTemplate:Fact speed of Template:Convert and endurance of 45 days (60 days maximum). Manned by two (alternating) crews, they have an active yearly service of 240 days. The crew initiallyTemplate:Clarifyme numbered 66, including 9 officers.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Sharing sensors and weapons with the Agosta class, the Rubises have four Template:Convert torpedo tubes forward. They have stowage for a mix of 14 F17 Mod 2 torpedoes and SM39 Exocet anti-ship missiles. The submarines can fire and guide two torpedoes simultaneously. Instead of torpedoes, the submarine can embarkTemplate:Clarifyme FG 29 mines.Template:Sfn The submarines was initially fitted with a DRUA 33 navigation/search radar, ARUR and ARUD electronic warfare systems, DSUV 22 multi-function passive sonar array, DUUA 2B active sonar, and DUUX 2 acoustic intercept sonar.Template:Sfn

AMÉTHYSTE rebuild

The initial design of Rubis proved to be problematic with unexpectedly high noise levels. This led to the Améthyste silencing program (AMÉlioration Tactique HYdrodynamique Silence Transmission Ecoute, literally Silent Acoustic Transmission Tactical Hydrodynamic Improvement) which was applied during construction of the fifth (Améthyste) and sixth (Perle) hulls. The hull form was reshaped and lengthened to Template:Cvt while the superstructure and external bow were made of glass-reinforced plastic.Template:Sfn To further reduce noise emissions, the machinery was given flexible mountings.Template:Sfn The program included upgrades to the sonar and additional upgrades of the electronics. The Rubis class had a DSUB 62C towed passive sonar array, DUUG 2 sonar intercept, DMUX 20 sonar suite installed and had their acoustic intercept upgraded to DUUX 5. With the upgrades tested and proven, the original four boats were rebuilt to the same standards between 1989 and 1995 and were nearly identical to the final two ships of the class.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Boats

Rubis class construction dataTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Pennant Name Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Status
S601 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (ex-Provence) DCNS, Cherboug, France 11 December 1976 7 July 1979 23 February 1983 Decommissioned November 2022
S602 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (ex-Bretagne) 1 September 1979 1 September 1981 6 July 1984 Decommissioned July 2019
S603 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (ex-Bourgogne) 19 September 1981 22 December 1984 21 April 1987 Decommissioned 27 September 2023[2]
S604 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 4 March 1983Template:Efn 12 April 1986 15 September 1988 Decommissioned 12 December 2024[3]
S605 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 31 October 1984 14 May 1988 3 March 1992 In service
S606 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 22 March 1987 22 September 1990 7 July 1993 In service
S607 Turquoise Cancelled 1991
S608 Diamant Cancelled 1992

Construction and career

File:Rubis 02.jpg
Rubis
File:FS Saphir 01.jpg
Saphir
File:FS Casabianca 03.jpg
Casabianca

The first hull was laid down in December 1976 and launched in 1979. The first ship cost 850 million French francs to build.[4][5] The first three vessels originally sported the names Provence, Bretagne and Bourgogne respectively, but their names were changed to their current monikers in November 1980.Template:Sfn Rubis was financed via the Third Military Equipment Plan, and the following three hulls were part of the Fourth Military Equipment Plan.Template:Sfn RubisTemplate:' reactor went critical in February 1981 and trials began in June. Hulls five and six were ordered on 17 October 1984 and the seventh on 24 April 1990. However, plans for the eighth submarine of the class were cancelled in September 1991 and construction for the seventh was delayed. Eventually construction of the seventh hull was cancelled in June 1992, but not before the French Navy attempted to sell the vessel as a conventionally-powered submarine, but found no buyers.Template:Sfn All six submarines are based at Toulon as part of the Escadrille de sous-marins nucléaires d'attaque.Template:Sfn

Saphir was the first to undergo the AMÉTHYSTE rebuild, being out of service from November 1989 to May 1991. Rubis followed from September 1992 to July 1993.Template:Sfn On 20 August 1993, Rubis collided with the oil tanker Lyria.[6] From 1993 to 1994, Casabianca underwent the AMÉTHYSTE rebuild. On 30 March 1994, Émeraude had a steam leakage in the secondary steam loop, suffering ten casualties including the vessel's commanding officer. Émeraude would undergo the AMÉTHYSTE rebuild from May 1994 to December 1995.Template:Sfn

During the Péan inter-allied manoeuvres of 1998, Casabianca managed to "sink" the United States Navy aircraft carrier Template:USS and the Template:Sclass that was escorting her.[7] In September 2000 Saphir experienced excessive radioactivity in the primary reactor loop forcing the submarine to be withdrawn from service for six months to undergo recoring.Template:Sfn

During COMPTUEX 2015, an exercise led by the United States Navy, Saphir successfully defeated the aircraft carrier Template:USS and her escort, managing to "sink" the US carrier. This was widely advertised by the French Navy but unmentioned by the US Navy.[8][9]

On 12 June 2020, Perle caught fire in dry dock while undergoing major renovations. The fire broke out around 10:35 local time in the forward section of the submarine and was described as being "unbelievably fierce". According to French naval sources, there were no weapons or nuclear fuel aboard at the time.[10] In October 2020 it was announced that Perle would be repaired using the forward section of the decommissioned boat, Saphir. The repairs were projected to be completed in 2022 and her return to service was anticipated in 2023.[11][12] Perle returned to sea in May 2023 to begin post-refit sea trials.[13]

The French Navy started replacing the Rubis class with the Template:Sclasss in 2020.Template:Sfn

Proposed Canada class

In 1987, the Canadian White Paper on Defence recommended the purchase of 10 to 12 Rubis or Template:Sclasss under technology transfer, which would be known as the Template:Sclass2.[14] with the choice of the type of submarine due to be confirmed before Summer 1988.[15] The goal was to build up a three-ocean navy and to assert Canadian sovereignty over Arctic waters.[16]

Neither design met the Canadian Statement of Requirement (SOR), the initial Rubis design being deemed noisy underwater and slow. It also came with the caveat that the first 4–5 submarines would have to be built in France. However, unlike the British Trafalgar class, the Rubis design did not require United States permission to transfer the nuclear propulsion technology, as the Americans were certain to invoke their veto of the sale to Canada. The French brought back a revision to their design baptized Canadian AMETHYSTE, underlining the fact that the proposal was for the new standard carried by the fifth French submarine of the series, Améthyste, a standard the previous four boats would also soon be upgraded to in order to solve the issues plaguing the original design, notably the noisiness.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The French also added an "ice pick" so the submarine could operate under ice and were developing a modification for their torpedo tubes which were too short to use the Mark 48 torpedoes.[17] The purchase was finally abandoned in April 1989 due to opposition to nuclear submarines, American opposition to the program and high costs, particularly with the end of the Cold War.[18][19]

See also

Notes

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Citations

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References

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External links

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Template:Rubis class submarines Template:French Navy Vehicle Template:Current SSN

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  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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