Tajik alphabet

File:Coat of Arms of Tajik ASSR.gif

Another version of the 1929 coat of arms without Tajik Latin. The Tajik Arabic reads Template:Nq

The Tajik language has been written in three alphabets over the course of its history: the Perso-Arabic, Latin and nowadays Cyrillic script.

The use of a specific alphabet generally corresponds with stages in history, with Arabic being used first for most of the time, followed by Latin, as a result of the Soviet takeover, for a short period and then Cyrillic, which remains the most widely used alphabet in Tajikistan. The Bukhori dialect spoken by Bukharan Jews traditionally used the Hebrew alphabet, but today is written using the Cyrillic variant.

Political context

As with many post-Soviet states, the change in writing system and the debates surrounding it is closely intertwined with political themes. Although not having been used since the adoption of Cyrillic, the Latin script is supported by those who wish to bring the country closer to Uzbekistan, which has adopted the Latin-based Uzbek alphabet. The Persian alphabet is supported by the devoutly religious, Islamists, and by those who wish to bring the country closer to Iran, Afghanistan, and their Persian heritage. As the de facto standard, the Cyrillic alphabet is generally supported by those who wish to maintain the status quo, and not distance the country from Russia.

History

As a result of the influence of Islam in the region, Tajik was written in the Persian alphabet up to the 1920s. Until this time, the language was not thought of as separate and simply considered a dialect of the Persian language. The Soviets began by simplifying the Persian alphabet in 1923, before moving to a Latin-based system in 1927. The Latin script was introduced by the Soviet Union as part of an effort to increase literacy and distance the, at that time, largely illiterate population, from the Islamic Central Asia. There were also practical considerations. The regular Persian alphabet, being an abjad, does not provide sufficient letters for representing the vowel system of Tajik. In addition, the abjad is more difficult to learn, each letter having different forms depending on the position in the word.

The Decree on Romanisation made this law in April 1928. The Latin variant for Tajik was based on the work by Turcophone scholars who aimed to produce a unified Turkic alphabet, despite Tajik not being a Turkic language. The literacy campaign was successful, with near-universal literacy being achieved by the 1950s.

As part of the "russification" of Central Asia, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s. The alphabet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state language. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian, placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.

The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed down the adoption. In 1999, the word Farsi was removed from the state-language law. Template:As of the de facto standard in use was the Cyrillic alphabet and Template:As of, only a very small part of the population could read the Persian alphabet.

Variants

The letters of the major versions of the Tajik alphabet are presented below, along with their phonetic values. There is also a comparative table below.

Persian alphabet

A variant of the Persian alphabet (technically an abjad) is used to write Tajik. In the Tajik version, as with all other versions of the Arabic script, with the exception of (alef), vowels are not given unique letters, but rather optionally indicated with diacritic marks.

The Tajik alphabet in Persian

Latin

File:Nasimi isfara 3 mod.jpg

The front page of Kommunisti Isfara from 15 May 1936

The Latin script was introduced after the Russian Revolution of 1917 in order to facilitate an increase in literacy and distance the language from Islamic influence. Only lowercase letters were found in the first versions of the Latin variant, between 1926 and 1929. A slightly different version used by Jews speaking the Bukhori dialect included three extra characters for phonemes not found in the other dialects: Template:Larger, Template:Larger, and Template:Larger. Template:Larger in particular represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/, a feature of the Bukhori dialect.

The Tajik alphabet in Latin

								ʼ

The unusual character is called Gha and represents the phoneme . The character is found in Yañalif in which most non-Slavic languages of the Soviet Union were written until the late 1930s. The Latin alphabet is not widely used today, although its adoption is advocated by certain groups.

Cyrillic

The Cyrillic script was introduced in Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin script that had been used since the October Revolution. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian alphabet were banned from the country. The alphabet below was supplemented by the letters Щ and Ы in 1952.

File:Tajik rouble reverse detail.png

Text detail from the reverse of the 1 rouble note. The rouble was replaced in 2000 as a result of increasing inflation.

File:Алифбои тоҷикӣ.jpg

The current Tajik alphabet.

The Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic

Before 1998, the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet contained 39 letters in the following order: (the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 6 additional letters as distinct letters at the end). The letters , and were used only in loanwords; the letter was used in the combinations , , , (for after consonants) and in loanwords. The letters , , , and were officially dropped from the alphabet in the 1998 reform. Loanwords are now respelled using native Tajik letters: after vowels, otherwise for ; for ; for ; is replaced by in (also in loanwords), dropped otherwise (including , , ). Along with the deprecation of these letters, the 1998 reform also changed the order of the alphabet, which now has the characters with diacritics following their unaltered partners, e.g. , and , , etc. leading to the present order (35 letters): . In 2010, it was suggested that the letters might be dropped as well. The letters and represent the same sound, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex. , "Iran"). The sound combination is represented by at the beginning of words, otherwise by .

The alphabet includes a number of letters not found in the Russian alphabet:

Description	Г with bar	И with macron	К with descender	У with macron	Х with descender	Ч with descender
Letter	Ғ	Ӣ	Қ	Ӯ	Ҳ	Ҷ
Phoneme

During the period when the Cyrillicization took place, Ӷ ӷ also appeared a few times in the table of the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet.

Transliteration standards

The transliteration standards for the Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic into the Latin alphabet are as follows:

Cyrillic	IPA	ISO 9 (1995) 1	KNAB (1981) 2	WWS (1996) 3	ALA-LC 4	Allworth 5	BGN/PCGN 6	KSNG (2005)	Perso-Arabic equivalent
		a	a	a	a	a	a	a	ﺁ
		b	b	b	b	b	b	b	ب
		v	v	v	v	v	v	v	و
		g	g	g	g	g	g	g	گ
		ġ	gh	gh	ḡ	gh	gh	ġ	غ
		d	d	d	d	d	d	d	د
		e	e, ye	e	e	ye‐, ‐e‐	e	e	اى
		ë	yo	ë	ë	yo	yo	ë	يو
		ž	zh	zh	ž	zh	zh	ž	ژ
		z	z	z	z	z	z	z	ز, ذ, ظ, ض
		i	i	i	i	i	i	i	اى
		ī	ī	ī	ī	ī	í	ī	يى
		j	y	ĭ	j	y	y	j	ى
		k	k	k	k	k	k	k	ک
		ķ	q	q	ķ	q	q	ķ	ق
		l	l	l	l	l	l	l	ل
		m	m	m	m	m	m	m	م
		n	n	n	n	n	n	n	ن
		o	o	o	o	o	o	o	او
		p	p	p	p	p	p	p	پ
		r	r	r	r	r	r	r	ر
		s	s	s	s	s	s	s	س, ث, ص
		t	t	t	t	t	t	t	ت, ط
		u	u	u	u	u	u	u	او
		ū	ū	ū	ū	ū	ŭ	ū	و
		f	f	f	f	f	f	f	ف
		h	kh	kh	x	kh	kh	h	خ
		ḩ	h	ḩ	x	h	h	ḩ	ه, ح
		č	ch	ch	č	ch	ch	č	چ
		ç	j	j	č̦	j	j	ğ	ج
		š	sh	sh	š	sh	sh	š	ش
		'	'	'	'	"	'	'	ء, ع
		è	è, e	ė	è	e	ė	è	اى
		û	yu	i͡u	ju	yu	yu	û	يو
		â	ya	i͡a	ja	ya	ya	â	يا

Notes to the table above:

1. ISO 9 — The International Organization for Standardization ISO 9 specification.
2. KNAB — From the placenames database of the Institute of the Estonian Language.
3. WWS — From World's Writing Systems, Bernard Comrie (ed.)
4. ALA-LC — The standard of the Library of Congress and the American Library Association.
5. Edward Allworth, ed. Nationalities of the Soviet East. Publications and Writing Systems (NY: Columbia University Press, 1971)
6. BGN/PCGN — The standard of the United States Board on Geographic Names and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use.
7. KSNG – The standard of the Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland (Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza Granicami Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)

Hebrew

The Hebrew alphabet (an abjad like the Persian alphabet) is used for the Jewish Bukhori dialect primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara. Additionally, since 1940, when Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia, the use of the Hebrew Alphabet outside Hebrew liturgy fell into disuse and Bukharian Jewish publications such as books and newspapers began to appear using the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian and went to Tajik or Russian schools in Central Asia only know the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian and Tajik.

The Tajik alphabet in Hebrew

גׄ

Sample text	Corresponding Cyrillic text

Samples

Tajik Cyrillic, Tajik Latin and Persian alphabet

Cyrillic	Latin	Persian	Hebrew	English Translation
		Template:Nq	תמאם אדמאן אזאד בה דניא מיאינד ואז לחאז מנזלת וחקוק בא הם בראברנד. המה צאחב עקל וג׳דאננד، באיד נסבת בה יכדיגר בראדרואר מנאסבת נמאינד.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

For reference, the Persian script variant transliterated letter-for-letter into the Latin script appears as follows:

And the BGN/PCGN transliteration of the Cyrillic text:

Tajik Cyrillic and Persian alphabet

Vowel-pointed Persian includes the vowels that are not usually written.

Cyrillic	vowel-pointed Persian	Persian	vowel-pointed Hebrew	Hebrew
Баниодам аъзои як пайкаранд, ки дар офариниш зи як гавҳаранд. Чу узве ба дард оварад рӯзгор, дигар узвҳоро намонад қарор. Саъдӣ			בַּנִי־אָדַם אַעְזָאי יַךּ פַּיְכַּרַנְד, כִּה דַר אָפַרִינִשׁ זִ יַךּ גַוְהַרַנְד. ג׳וּ עֻזְוֵי בַּה דַרְד אָוַרַד רוֹזְגָּאר דִגַּר עֻזְוְהָא רָא נַמָאנַד קַרָאר סַעְדִי.	בני־אדם אעזאי יך פיכרנד, כה דר אפרינש ז יך גוהרנד. ג׳ו עזוי בה דרד אורד רוזגאר דגר עזוהא רא נמאינד קראר סעדי.
Мурда будам, зинда шудам; гиря будам, xанда шудам. Давлати ишқ омаду ман давлати поянда шудам. Мавлавӣ			מֻרְדַה בֻּדַם זִנְדַה שֻׁדַם; גִּרְיַה בֻּדַם, כַנְדַה שֻׁדַם. דַוְלַתִ עִשְק אָמַד וּמַן דַוְלַתִ פָּאיַנְדַה שֻׁדַם. מַוְלַוִי	מרדה בדם זנדה שדם; גריה בדם, כנדה שדם. דולת עשק אמד ומן דולת פאינדה שדם. מולוי

Comparative table

File:Akademijai ilmxhoi jumxhurii tojikiston.jpg

Advertisement in Cyrillic for the admission of the graduate students by the research institutes of the Tajik Academy of Sciences

File:Zenith thuraya.jpg

A biscriptal sign incorporating an English word, "Zenith", written in the Latin script, and Tajik written in Cyrillic

File:Nasimi isfara dekabr 29.jpg

An illustration from Kommunisti Isfara, a newspaper published in Isfara in northern Tajikistan, inviting citizens to vote in the local labor councils elections on 29 December 1939. The text reads: .

A table comparing the different writing systems used for the Tajik alphabet. The Latin here is based on the 1929 standard, the Cyrillic on the revised 1998 standard, and Persian letters are given in their stand-alone forms.

Cyrillic	Latin	Persian	IPA	Examples
А а	A a	اَ، ـَ، ـَه		санг sang سَنگ 'stone'
Б б	B b	ﺏ		барг barg بَرگ 'leaf'
В в	V v	و		номвар nomvar نَاموَر 'renowned'
Г г	G g	گ		гавҳар gavhar گَوهَر 'gem'
Ғ ғ	Ƣ ƣ	ﻍ		ғор g'or غَار 'cave'
Д д	D d	ﺩ		модар modar مَادَر 'mother'
Е е	E e	ای، ـی		шер sher شیر 'lion'
Ё ё	Jo jo	یا		дарё daryo دَریَا 'sea'
Ж ж	Ƶ ƶ	ژ		жола zhola ژَالَه 'dew'
З з	Z z	ﺯ، ﺫ، ﺽ، ﻅ		замин zamin زَمِین 'earth'
И и	I i, Ji ji	اِ، ـِ، ـِه؛ اِیـ، ـِیـ		Микоил Mikoyil مِیکَائِیل 'Michael'
Ӣ ӣ	Ī ī	ـِی		зебоӣ zeboiy زیبَائِی 'beauty'
Й й	J j	ی		май may مَی May'
К к	K k	ک		кадом kadom کَدَام 'which'
Қ қ	Q q	ﻕ		қадам qadam قَدَم 'step'
Л л	L l	ﻝ		лола lola لَالَه 'tulip'
М м	M m	ﻡ		марг marg مَرگ 'death'
Н н	N n	ﻥ		нон non نَان 'bread'
О о	O o	آ، ـا		орзу orzu آرزُو 'wish'
П п	P p	پ		панҷ panj پَنج 'five'
Р р	R r	ﺭ		ранг rang رَنگ 'colour'
С с	S s	ﺱ، ﺙ، ﺹ		сар sar سَر 'head'
Т т	T t	ﺕ، ﻁ		тоҷик tojik تَاجِیک 'Tajik'
У у	U u	اُ، ـُ؛ اُو، ـُو		дуд dud دُود 'smoke'
Ӯ ӯ	Ū ū	او، ـو		хӯрдан xo'rdan خوردَن 'to eat'
Ф ф	F f	ﻑ		фурӯғ furo'g' فُروغ 'lustre'
Х х	X x	ﺥ		хондан xondan خوَاندَن 'to read'
Ҳ ҳ	H h	ﺡ، ه		ҳар har هَر 'each'
Ч ч	C c	چ		чи chi چِی 'what'
Ҷ ҷ	Ç ç	ﺝ		ҷанг jang جَنگ 'war'
Ш ш	Ş ş	ﺵ		шаб shab شَب 'night'
Ъ ъ	'	ء، ﻉ		таъриф ta'rif تَعرِیف 'definition'
Э э	E e	ای، ـی		Эрон Eron ایرَان 'Iran'
Ю ю	Ju ju	یُ, یُو		июн iyun اِیُون 'June'
Я я	Ja ja	یَ, یَه		ягона yagona یَگَانَه 'unique'

See also

• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link

References

• Goodman, E. R. (1956) "The Soviet Design for a World Language." in Russian Review 15 (2): 85–99.

External links

• Template:Sister-inline
• Omniglot – Tajik (Тоҷики / Toçikī / تاجیكی)
• View Cyrillic-script Tajik websites transliterated into the 1920s Latin orthography