River-class frigate

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The River class was a class of 151 frigates launched between 1941 and 1944 for use as anti-submarine convoy escorts in the North Atlantic. The majority served with the Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), with some serving in the other Allied navies: the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Free French Naval Forces, the Royal Netherlands Navy and, post-war, the South African Navy.

The Royal Navy placed the first orders in 1940, and the vessels were named after rivers in the United Kingdom, giving the name to the class. In Canada, they were called after towns and cities, although they retained the same designation. Originally called a "twin-screw corvette", the name "frigate" was suggested by Vice-Admiral Percy W. Nelles of the Royal Canadian Navy. Canada originally ordered the construction of 33 frigates in October 1941. The design was too big for the locks on the Lachine Canal so it was not built by the shipyards on the Great Lakes and therefore all the frigates built in Canada were built in dockyards along the West Coast or along the St. Lawrence River below Montreal. In all, Canada ordered the construction of 70 frigates, including ten for the Royal Navy, which transferred two ( and ) to the United States Navy. These served as the basis of the US Navy Tacoma class frigate series. Twelve were built in Australia for the RAN (four to a modified design).

After World War II, they found employment in many other navies the world over; several RCN ships were sunk as breakwaters. One, , was purchased by Aristotle Onassis and converted into the luxury yacht .

Design

File:USS Natchez (PF 2).jpg

Overhead view of

The River-class ships were designed by naval engineer William Reed, of Smith's Dock Company of South Bank-on-Tees, to have the endurance and anti-submarine capabilities of the sloops, while being quick and cheap to build in civil dockyards using the machinery (e.g. reciprocating steam engines instead of turbines) and construction techniques pioneered in the building of the s. Its purpose was to improve on the convoy escort classes in service with the Royal Navy, including the Flower class.

Improvements over the corvette design included markedly better accommodation. The twin engines gave only more speed but extended the range of the ship to nearly double that of a corvette to Template:Cvt at Template:Cvt. Among other lessons applied to the design was armament better designed to combat U-boats, including a twin Template:Cvt mount forward and 12-pounder [] aft. Fifteen Canadian frigates were initially fitted with one Template:Cvt gun forward but with the exception of , they were all eventually upgraded to the twin mount. For underwater targets, it was equipped with a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar, depth charge rails and four side-mounted throwers aft for a 10-charge pattern (some had 8 throwers for a 14-charge pattern for a brief period until this was abandoned).

River-class frigates were the first Royal Canadian Navy warships to carry the 147B Sword horizontal fan-beam active sonar transmitter, in addition to the regular ASDIC. This allowed the ship to maintain contact with targets even while firing, unless a target was struck. Better radar and radio direction-finding equipment enhanced the RCN's ability to locate and track enemy submarines over previous classes. The River-class design was used as the basis for the United States Navy (which served in the Royal Navy as the ); the hull design was later elaborated into the and subsequently the .

Ships in class

Two hundred and forty-three frigates were built in Britain, Canada and Australia for seven navies during World War II.

Vessels lost in action

River class ships lost to enemy action

Ship	Date	Fate
	18 July 1944	Presumed mined. Towed to port and declared a total loss.
	4 October 1944	Torpedoed and badly damaged by U-1227 while escorting convoy ONS 33. Towed to port and declared a total loss.
	11 December 1943	Torpedoed and badly damaged by Template:GS off Algeria. Towed to port and declared a total loss.
	23 September 1943	Torpedoed and sunk by Template:GS at .
	20 September 1943	Torpedoed and badly damaged by Template:GS. Towed to port and declared a total loss.
	14 October 1944	Torpedoed and badly damaged by Template:GS while escorting convoy ONS 33G. Towed to port and declared a total loss.
	15 June 1944	Torpedoed and sunk by Template:GS at .
	29 March 1945	Torpedoed and badly damaged by Template:GS. Towed to port and declared a total loss.
	7 January 1944	Torpedoed and sunk by Template:GS at .
	7 May 1944	Torpedoed and sunk by Template:GS at .

Survivors

On display in Brisbane, Australia is , the last complete River-class frigate, preserved at the Queensland Maritime Museum.

served as a convoy escort during the Battle of the Atlantic and was present at the D-Day landings. In 1947, Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis purchased her for scrap value and converted her into a luxurious superyacht named Christina O, after his daughter. The vessel is now owned by John Paul Nicolaou, who lets the yacht for elite charters and cruises.

, formerly HMCS Hallowell served as a convoy escort during World War II and later transferred to the Israeli Navy and then the Royal Ceylon Navy, which later became the Sri Lankan Navy. She was withdrawn from active duty in 1980 and is now used as a training ship by Sri Lanka.

, formerly , is preserved in Seikkyi, Myanmar.

In fiction

"HMS Saltash" was a fictional River-class frigate in Nicholas Monsarrat's 1951 book The Cruel Sea. (In the 1953 Jack Hawkins film version she is called "HMS Saltash Castle", and was played by the corvette .)

played the fictional frigate "HMS Rockhampton" in the 1955 John Wayne film The Sea Chase. (She had just been recommissioned as a Prestonian class upgrade of the Canadian River-class frigate, after ten years in reserve.)

"HMS Nairn" was a fictional River-class frigate in Alistair MacLean's 1955 book HMS Ulysses.

See also

• List of Escorteurs of the French Navy
• List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy

External links

• Convoy escort movements for River-class frigates